Crime Control Essay

Crime has become as multifaceted as sympathetic nature, impinging on communities and threatening merciful rights and freedoms. Has the impact of criminal drill become exceedingly intense, that we as baseball club members rent strayed away from truthfulness and judge? Are individuals no longer valuing fairness and attractiveness? miser adapted justice organizations both public and private sectors goals are to sign up aversion deep down the communities and re light upon the trust and confidence in a second-rate and just system for police of nature-abiding citizens. In the process of achieving a fair and just society, out-of-pocket process and offensive control tactical maneuver moldiness adhere to the ethical dimensions of the criminal justice system. I am prompt to introduce a synopsis that highlights key ethical issues in the justice system that is directly stirred by ethical motives.Honesty versus nicety within the CommunitiesTrust is a factor that is lacking within the communities, and the interrogative in mind is how pass on the criminal justice organization reconstruct the issue and let justice prevail. Justice is often defined as fairness or the suitable rewards or retribution. Justice focuses more on a persons rights more than the needs of an individual. So how shtup justice prevail if companionship members are fighting against law enforcement, and truth among officers and the lodge is obsolete? In many cases, even when people feel a crime, they often turn the other way. According to NPR (2010), Witnesses to crimes involving things like closed chain activities can often be scared away from giving info to police. It does not help that a stop snitching philosophy has been promoted by near hip-hop artists and many urban communities (para 2).After past incidents of bad preaching by the outside world and law enforcement, it has become a mainstream design in many minority communities law enforcement is not to be trusted. And if the partnership cannot trust police officials, the people in the community provide not step forward and be honest and aid in the investigations. practice of law Departments are committed to working with the communities to recognize and resolve community problems. there are departments of employees dedicated to working collectively through an assortment of programs. These programs and function are created in hope that trust and justice will be incorporated back into the community and law enforcement agencies will be able to optimistically impact the communitys quality of life as well as highlight the strengths of neighborhoods.Due Process and Crime lock TacticsLaw enforcement has integrated strategies into the communities to prevent and solve crimes that are touch citizens quality of life. Crimes such as theft, burglary, and vandalism are a few areas law enforcement has turned their focus on. Local law enforcement organizations will have to become accustomed to existing po licing programs to fulfill the requirements of security. The goal of due process and crime control is to enhance the effectiveness of the community. When the community trusts and believes in the justice field, community members will be more prone to assisting law enforcement. Due process ensures the law is being incorporated in the tactic to prevent and stop criminal acts.Another way for law enforcement to gain the trust and respect of the community is to declare up incentives that demonstrates community enhancements. change magnitude involvement from groups in public decision making increases access to hooey resources and financial opportunities for underprivileged groups changes in public policy to achieve great and meet the needs of diverse groups increases in suitable, available community go and common interest groups developing more early childhood and youthfulness programs within the communities Law enforcement organizations have sought to investigate the causes of crime within the communities and lower the level from the hearts of the people being affected by criminal acts.Through the construction of successful joint venture with the community and public and private sectors problem solving procedures are being use and ethical standards and being followed. In the awaken of September 11th incident, law enforcement agencies discover that they are understanding that it is important to identify the responsibilities and create goals goals that will reduce crime within the communities and regain the trust and confidence in a fair and just system for law-abiding citizens.According to thoroughfare & Henry 2010, People argue for longer term strategies aimed at dealing with the political, social, economic and cultural factors associated with crime. In doing so, we explore the potential of community development to contribute to crime prevention, particularly community or passage crime and violence. Theoretical and practice intersections between communit y development and sure crime prevention approaches are identified notably those which link crime and violence with dis-empowerment, poverty, inequality, exclusion, the learning of violence within families and communities, and lack of opportunity for children and youthful people to develop their potential (para 1).ConclusionCrime has become as multifaceted as human nature, impinging on communities and threatening human rights and freedoms. The impact of criminal activity has become extremely intense, that we as society members have strayed away from honesty and justice. Law enforcement agencies are working extremely hard to rebuild the union that has been broken. Individuals are no longer valuing integrity and fairness, but with the support from law enforcement, trust will be regained and community members will be more prone to step up and offer assistance.Criminal justice organizations both public and private sectors goals are to reduce crime within the communities and recover th e trust and confidence in a fair and just system for law-abiding citizens. In the process of achieving a fair and just society, due process and crime control tactics must adhere to the ethical dimensions of the criminal justice system. I have identified ethical issues in the justice system that is directly affected by ethical motives and come to the conclusion that dedication from both parties is the help to rebuilding a broken society.

What are the narrative techniques used by Tennyson in “Mariana”

Alfred Lord Tennysons poetry, Mariana, con stress tos the story of a jilted charwoman from Shakespeares Measure for Measure. The epigraph of the poem Mariana in the moted grange is taken from a reference of this play, and the muniment proficiencys deep down the poem combined with the context of the isolation of the flake choke us an appreciation into the melancholy that not yet the reputation of Mariana feels, notwithstanding perhaps also Tennyson himself. Arguably the close to prominent report technique utilize by Tennyson is the tomography within the powm which is an outward manifestation of Marianas inward melancholy.The monotonous glooming flats outside of her house reflect her vivification she is going nowhere now that she has been jilted and apparently has no paying attention to In addition to this, images of isolation prevail passim the poem, The lonely protected grange. This foster adds to the belief that Mariana is cut off from the vibrancy of human bre eding. Tennyson is particularly clever with this narrative technique giving the description of an inanimate object, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the moated grange using an human emotion, it allows the reader to reflect this shade onto the calibre of Mariana, which further gives insight to the solitude that her cite is feeling.The vision passim is of vital importance, due to the detail that we learn nothing of the physical visual aspect of her, yet the bleak desolation of the landscape which she lives in allows the reader to confinement this image onto her character and gives an insight towards the inner turmoil and isolation that the character is feeling. In addition, the image of decay is one of the most obvious forms of imagery throughout, and further reflects the fact that Marianas life is wasting away waiting for a man. . The quotationWith blackest moss the flower plots, Were thickly crusted one and all.suggests the bringing close together that the melancholy Marian a has been feeling has not been a short term thing. The fact that the usually verdure moss has turned black raises the question that Mariana may be wallowing, and perhaps even enjoying her melancholy, due to the fact that it highlights the amount of time she has been in such a state. This quotation further shows the short letter between what her life could have been, and how she is living now. The mention of flower-plots indicates that her life could have been flourishing and fill with colour, if she allowed it to be so, yet it is simply dark andbleak. This imagery of colour is entwined throughout the euphonys, with consistent references to blackend waters and the rounding gray.A ball over piece of imagery which contrasts this darkness is the poplar tree tree with silver greengnarled bark This is a dominant image throughout the poem, and has been interpreted to be a phallic image of the man who abandoned Mariana, and is inveterate to haunt her life even after he has left. This inte embossmentingly reflects the carriages of the time. throughout Tennysons poetry there are interpreters of feminism, and critique of the attitudes towards woman at the time. This reflects the prim idea that a woman can all be complete with a man in her life, and the life of a woman without a husband is dreary.The sheer melancholy within the poem could perhaps be a further jibe from Tennyson well-nigh society at this time, indicating that he believes that the idea that women should live like Mariana if they dont have a husband is utter nonsense. A further technique used by Tennyson to regulate the story within Mariana is the use of the structure. The verse structure abab cddc efef is almost encircling, with the central quatrain having a rhyming couplet in the middle, such asAnd wild winds bound within their cell, The shadow of the poplar fellThis emphasises the psychological constraints of Marianas depression and depicts further the stasis of her life. The couplet in the m iddle is trapped, unable to escape due to the constraining verses, which clearly reflects the attitude that Mariana has to life. In addition to this, the verse form is unique to Tenyson and does not follow the traditional verse forms of other poetry, further adding to the idea that Mariana feels alone in life, and that there is nobody that is able to sympathise with her situation. Tennyson uses other language techniques such as onomatopoeia develop the story of Mariana, and is further used to reflect her character. The most brilliant example of this isThe doors upon their hinges creakd The blue fly birdsong in the pane the mouse Behind the mouldering wainscot shriekdThe density of the onomatopoeia within this section suggests nightmarish and crazy sounds, and screams of despair, and create, as Ebbatson phrased a landscape of inertia and loss, which correlates with the emotions of the character. Furthermore, this quotation offers a stark contrast to the rest of the poem. Tennyson use s powerful words such as shriekd and creakd which are a harsh difference to the rest of the poem, which is mainly compiled of unchanging verbs such as fell. The abundance of inactive verbs throughout the poem further reflects Marianas idleness, and unfeignedly emphasises the onomatopoeia within this verse to reflect the dramatic sounds made from outside. Pathetic fallacy is a further narrative techniqueAnd wild winds bound within their cell,This is another example of the way Tennyson uses the surroundings to reflect character Marianas consciousness is really a wild wind, but she chooses to keep it imprisoned and trapped within their cell, adding to the perception that she is actually enjoying her melancholy. The alliteration of wild winds consequently accentuates the havoc of her consciousness, and gives the reader further insight into the character. A final technique used by Tennyson is repeating, which is present throughout the poe,. Perhaps the most obvious form of repetition is the refrain, which is repeated at the end of each verseShe only said, My life is dreary He cometh not she said She said, I am aweary, aweary, I would that I were deadThe fact that this is at the end of it gives an insight into the monotony of Marianas life, yet it also has an issuance of creating annoyance towards the character of Mariana. Evidently as this is the only thing that she can say, it may see that she is wallowing in her sadness, and further adds to the impression that Tennyson gives off throughout the poem about the feminist aspect. The use of direct speech within this refrain is the only part in the poem where we get a direct spot of Mariana. It is therefore more immediate than the rest of the devices used to describe her character in the poem, and could perhaps evoke sympathy. However, it is not only the refrain which is repeated.The repetition of feminine rhymes such as dreary/aweary reflectthe feminine nature of the character, and the drawn out nature of these words and the unstressed syllable at the end reflect the languorous nature of the poem and create an effect of infinite weariness. Furthermore, the dramatic change of the final two lines of the refrain in the last stanza offers perhaps the only change to the stasis of the poem, which is a further narrative technique, and the final line Oh God that I were dead shows that Mariana has come to the closing that she is fed up of living a lfe of shadows and nothingness.In summary, Tennyson uses an abundance of narrative techniques to tell the story of Mariana. Whilst it is essentially a poem of stasis, the methods such as imagery and repetition cleverly give the reader a deeper insight into the character featured in the poem, and have an interesting message about Victorian society concealed within them.

Nursing Case Studies on COPD

In this reflective piece of writing I leave be explaining how chronic obstructive pulmonary complaint (COPD) affects the forbearing of physically, mentally ,and socially ,I volition besides explain how the unhealthiness affects his cursory r retortine and how it impacts on his family life. I will give an overview of the clinical signs and symptoms, how the disease alters the pathphysiology of the lungs, and what these changes cause inside the body. I will be using the reflective model What, So What, Now What (2007). The long-suffering I keep back chosen to write ab extinct is a lxx year old male who has been married for nearly fifty years.He has two grown up sons, both married with children of their own. Mr timberland has chronic obstructive Pulmonary Disease diagnosed ten years ago. Prior to this disease Mr forest was a lifelong smoker, beginning at the age of 14 years, smoking up to thirty cigarettes per daytime. Mr Woods school has progressively decline ove r the past few years, and he at a time requires home group O therapy. A patient was brought into the emergency surgical incision by the paramedics complaining of obstacle in breathering. On arrival he was tachypnoeic, had a respiratory lay thirty two and was found to have an audible wheeze.He utter that he had a productive cough and was expectorating green coloured sputum. The patient felt warm to touch. He presented pale, was sat upright, slightly leaning send in a rigid posture on the ambulance stretcher. I was delegated the utilisation of undertaking Mr Woods initial assessment, which included ensuring the patient was ungarbed ready for examination by a sophisticate, and excessively carrying out a baseline set of observations. I was happy to undertake this task, because I had the infallible breeding, skills and was deemed competent to carry out the necessary care required to look later on Mr Woods.The nurse in channelise informed me of Mr Woods medical examinati on history prior to me entering the cubicle, including what had precipitated his attendance to the emergency department which on that particular day had been his worsening shortness of breath. On entering the cubicle, I helped Mr Woods get undressed and into a hospital gown because both slight exertion made him more short of breath. I carried out a baseline set of observations. His blood pres sure as shooting was 165/95, he had a pulse rate of 125 beats per minute, a temperature of 38. c, a respiratory rate of 32, on 2 litres of type O his saturation train was 88%, and his blood glucose level was 4. 4mmol/l. Although nearly of these observations are not in spite of appearance normal range, for a person with COPD some of these observations maybe acceptable because the disease affects the path physiology of the lungs. The airways leading to the lungs, the bronchi, become inflamed. The inflamed airways produce too oft mucus (sputum) which keep lead to a persistent cough, wheeze and change magnitude shortness of breath.This happens because the air sacs (alveoli) become overstretched, rupture and merge which causes them to lose their elasticity. This causes the atomic number 8 absor hive awayg surfaces to be reduced, and with the narrowing of the airways gas exchange is less cost-efficient (Parker, 2009). The lungs over inflate which reduces the air volume moving in and out of the lungs which can lead to tachypnoea (abnormally rapid rate of breathing), breathlessness on exertion, respiratory distress, abnormal posture I. e. leaning forward to help open the airways (Nursing Standard, 2001).Patients with continuing Obstructive Pulmonary Disease can have a vogue to have low group O saturation levels, usually around 88% on air. In healthy patients their levels are usually between 95%- 100%. COPD patients often need supportive takement of 2 litres of atomic number 8 to maintain oxygen saturations normally acceptable for that specific patient. However oxyg en therapy high schooler than 2 litres may cause their carbon dioxide (CO2) levels to rise (Abrahams, 2009). As Mr Woods COPD had progressively worsened he had been commenced on home oxygen which he uses end-to-end most of the day.This helps him to undertake the most simplistic of daily activities of living. Mr Woods lives at home with his wife who, due to the impact of this disease on Mr Woods, has now become his main carer. She helps her husband with his daily activities such(prenominal) as washing, showering and preparing his meals. He needs help mobilising to the downstairs shower room, and, formerly there, needs assistance to get undressed. Whilst in the shower room Mr Woods needs to sit on a shower stool because he cannot manage to stand for any length of time due to breathlessness.He is too unable to walk upstairs because he gets short of breath on exertion so he has had a stair swipe installed which enables him to go upstairs to bed. This enables Mr and Mrs Woods to fu lfil both the physical and psychological aspects of their family relationship. COPD can affect the psychological wellbeing of the sufferer. Before Mr Woods condition deteriorated he was able to go out, he used to enjoy dis flush fishing with his sons and playing with his grandchildren. Because of his condition, Mr Woods is prone to feelings of inadequacy and depression.He also feels guilty because of his growing dependency on his wife for the simplest of daily tasks such as reservation a cup of tea or state the door. Because of the growing demands of her husbands worsening condition Mrs Woods now has to depend on other family members to facilitate her with tasks that Mr Woods can no longer undertake due to his COPD, and frequent visits to the hospital with recurrent toilet table infections. Whilst Mr Woods was in the emergency department it was my responsibility to make sure Mr Woods was comfortable and that his observations were done regularly and documented.I was happy to do this as I am deemed competent and have the required training to carry out these duties. I made sure Mr Woods was seated upright as this would help him with his breathing by improving his lung strength and reservation sure oxygen was prescribed by the doctor and selled via gaunt cannulae as per effrontery policy. I noticed Mr Woods remained tachyponeic, so perennial his observations. Even though on 2 litres of oxygen his saturation levels tranquillise remained low so I informed the nurse in charge that Mr Woods observations remained unstable.A doctor was notified and the patient assessed which involved listening to his office. The doctor and then prescribed nebulisers, oral steroids and paracetamol. A chest x-ray was also requested. I had to ask a satisfactory member of staff to administer Mr Woods medication, because I am not qualified to dispense drugs to a patient as a student assistant practitioner as this does not fall within my scope of practice or within the bounda ries of my role. I think the fact I know my limitations and boundaries make me a safe practitioner.I made sure I had documented Mr Woods observations and that I had informed the nurse in charge of his condition making sure that I had dated, timed and signed what I had written. I got my authentication countersigned by a qualified member of staff as say by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, 2008). The doctor asked me to cannulate and take some blood from Mr Woods. I was comfortable with this request because I am qualified to undertake the task. I explained to Mr Woods that I needed to put a needle in his arm and take some blood and that I would be leaving the cannula in his arm for any medication his may require later.I put the equipment together that I needed to cannulate, making sure that it was on a clean trolley and that I had a sharps bin. I then washed my hands, put on my apron and gloves quest universal precautions. I then proceeded to cannulate Mr Woods explaining ever ything I was doing throughout the procedure. Once the cannula was in I disposed of my sharp in the sharps bin and put my dirty equipment in the clinical waste and then washed my hands. Mr Woods was then taken for his x-ray. Once labelled I then gave the blood to the doctor to send of to the path lab.I then alter in the cannulation documentation form as per hospital trust policy. I was pleased that I managed to get the cannula in on my first offly attempt because Mr Woods had terrible veins and I did not like the melodic theme of having to put him through the procedure again as it can be quite painful and distressing. Mr Woods x-ray showed he had a chest infection for which he was prescribed intravenous antibiotics. Mr Woods was then transferred to the medical examination Assessment Unit for further treatment by the medical doctors. Reflecting pole I commit I have developed my companionship nigh chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Reading articles, text books and trust pol icies on COPD has allowed my to enhance my ability to recognise when patients are clinically unwell and have the confidence to highlight these abnormalities to the relevant members of the multidisciplinary team I. e. the nurse in charge and doctor, so the patient can be managed promptly and appropriately. Also the education I gained from talking to Mr Woods was invaluable in allowing me to gain brain wave and therefore a greater understanding of how the disease affected not only the patient scarcely also his family on a day to day basis.Witnessing first hand the debilitating affects the disease process has on an individual such as Mr Woods and his family left me feeling a little sad due to the fact that my role as a student assistant practitioner limited my involvement in his treatment. Having been the first member of staff to attend to Mr Woods on his arrival to the department and to have spent time developing a therapeutic relationship with him I felt that involving another mem ber of staff to carry out an aspect of care may make him question my abilities to look after him as I could not administer his medication.I could address this issue by explaining to the patient that my role as student assistant practitioner does not allow me to give medication but explain that I am competent in carrying out all other aspects of care. ontogenesis my existing knowledge on the psychological and physiological affects of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease has been consolidated by caring for a patient that has attended the emergency department with this chronic long term condition.Extending my knowledge base on this condition and the long term effects it can have on the individual will ensure that I treat each patient on their needs rather than just on their condition. Also looking back on this assessment I remember I acted professionally, promptly and efficiently. I feel I carried out my duties to a high standard of care within the boundaries of my role as a student assistant practitioner which in turn enabled Mr Woods to own the treatment and medication he required to ensure the best feasible outcome.Looking after Mr Woods has shown that I can work effectively as a member of the multidisciplinary team. I am able to assess, employ and evaluate my care which has enabled other members of staff to witness my holistic and high level of care delivery within the emergency department. I believe this can benefit not only the patients attending the department but also help develop my role within the team.

Irving the Legend of Sleepy Hollow

Tamara Nelson Myers English 2327 February 28, 2013 Seeing What You Believe Having fuddled ties to a particular subject causes strong facial expressionings on it. When you believe in something you are, in my opinion, more likely to see it or think youve seen it. In cap Irvings The Legend of Sleepy pickle, Irving tells a degree of on the dot this type of situation. Article Analysis In Greg Smiths unearthly Ambiguity and Possibility in Irvings The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,, Smith makes many claims on the occurrences in the story.One of the claims that stuck divulge to me the most was how he talks about how rather or not the passing gameless supplyman was real was left as an open-ended topic. Diedrick Knickerbocker, the narrator of the story, never truly claims a solution to what happened to the Ichabod Crane and how he disappeared. Smith refers to the fact that at the end of the story, Knickerbocker states that the old country wives maintain to this day that Ichabod was spirit ed forth by supernatural means. (Smith par. 11).Smith also brings up the conversation in the supplement in which a man is sharing the story of Ichabod Cranes disappearance (Smith par. 12). The narrator of this part, who I believe to be Ichabod, ends the story by saying Faith sir.. I dont believe wholeness half of it myself(Smith par. 12). Another claim smith makes is that Sleepy Hollow dexterity not live been as good of a story had Brom mug up been found guilty of being the one dollar billman (Smith par. 8). Leaving the possibility of a supernatural event draws the reader in, opens up debatable topics and causes people to loss to share their opinion on what they feel happened.Original Claim In Washington Irvings The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, a pedagogue school teacher lets his imagination of the supernatural and his desire for wealth get the best of him and he scares himself out of town. Brom pretends to be the Headless Horseman and is able to drive Ichabod out of town by usi ng his fears, pursuit of power and rejection from Katrina against him. Brom mug up, who was in ambition with Ichabod over the heart of Katrina Van Hassel, never admitted to having anything to do with Cranes disappearance, but seemed to bang a lot about the situation.Bones would look exceedingly knowingly whenever the story of Ichabod was related. (Irving 775) If one knows nothing about a subject then they unremarkably wish to acquire fellowship, not spread approximately false stories. I feel as if Brom was in fact the culprit who pretended to be the headless hessian. The atmo field of study of the town in general also plays a large part in what the townsmen will believe in. They are clean brainwashed by all the folklore that is passed around by the people. Everything is stalk, haunted fields, haunted brooks, haunted bridges, haunted houses, (Irving 761).With so much of a spooky sphere around the town why would anyone think to believe in anything else? During the party, ever yone shared ghost stories instead of normal party talk, (Irving 773). Ichabod had to leave the party and tease apart home in darkness with all these spooky thoughts on his mind. With the absence of other opinions the only thing you can think is that the headless horseman took Ichabod and added him to his body count. Another reason Brom is the Headless Horseman is because Ichabod is not around to share what really happened. The only thing they found was Ichabods hat, the horses saddle, and a smashed pumpkin.The pumpkin was most likely the head in which Ichabod thought was thrown at him knocking him off of his horse and into the brook. This is important because in the original tale, the horseman was looking for his head. Brom would not have known this because he, unlike Ichabod, did not have as much knowledge of the story (Irving 774-775). I believe Ichabod fled town after he was tricked so badly by Brom. He also had built up belligerence about the fact that Katrina chose his foe over him and his dreams of wealth through brotherhood were ended (Irving 762).Ichabod let his emotions and imagination get the best of him and he panic-stricken himself out of town. Rather than go back and face the people he goes to New York and pursues odd jobs for happiness. His greatest achievement was being a test in the Ten Pound Court, (Irving 775), as a way to feel the void of losing Katrinas heart. In the end muscle out smarted the brian. closedown Smith talks about how the headless horseman could possibly be real and Ichabod could have experienced a ghost encounter. Though I do believe in the supernatural, I feel as if Brom Bones was the culprit.He used Ichabods weaknesses against him and not only got him to flee town, but win the girl they were both after. Works cited Irving, Washington. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Anthology of American Literature. tenth ed. Vol. 1. Eds. George McMichael and James S. Leonard. Boston Pearson Education Inc. , 2011 755-777. Print. Smit h, Greg. Supernatural Ambiguity and Possibility in Irvings The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Midwest Quarterly. 42. 2. www. Library. uta. edu. Web. February 25, 2013.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization

Globalization is such a commonly used term in the twentiethcentury. It simply means that the valet has become integrated economically, socially, politically and culturally through the advances of technology, transportation and communication. It is required to say that globalization has resulted in both positive and negative cause which must be addressed accordingly. To begin with, globalization has contributed to the worlds economies in many an(prenominal) beneficial ways. The advances in science and technology have allowed businesses to easily tail everywhere territorial boundary lines.Consequently, companies tend to become more(prenominal) productive, competitory thereby raising quality of goods, services and the worlds living standard. Secondly, several companies from the more real countries have already ventured to establish foreign operations or branches to take advantage of the low cost of labor in the poorer countries. This mixed bag of business activity will provide more influx of cash in or investment funds into the less developed countries. However, one cannot reject the negative effects which havederived from globalization.One crucial social aspect is the risk of infection and danger of epidemic diseases which can easily be spread as the mode transportation is easier and faster in todays advance society. This is evidenced in the recent birds flu disease which has infected most Asian countries over a short time frame. As large corporations invest or take over many off shore businesses, a redbrick form of colonization will also evolve which may pound certain power pressure on the local governments of the less developed countries.Unemployment rates in the more developed regions like Europe may also escalate as corporations choose to outsource cheaper work squash from Asian countries. In conclusion. I like to reiterate that globalization is essential and we must urge individuals, companies and governments to use a more balanced snuggle by taking appropriate steps to deal with matters relating to the financial or economical gains verses the social, political or ecological concerns of the world.

Analysis of Subways internal and external environments Essay

This essay will analyse the conduce awayup undergrounds internal and external environments and their impacts on this organisation. This will acknowledge a swot analysis on resources and capabilities which ar a occasion of the internal environment and on nodes, resultrs, competitors, pressure groups, economic, political, technological, natural environment and emerge trends in the external environment. A SWOT Analysis is a effectual technique for understanding your Strengths and Weaknesses, and for identifying both the Opportunities open to you and the Threats you face MindTools. com (2013).Internal environment Resources 1. The Workforce Strengths subway system restaurants lock away out of over 36,000 locations in 99 different countries. subway system is an equal chance employer, where any employee backside be assured that they will be treated with respect and non be discriminated or harassed for any reason. They continuously provide employees with see to iti ng and boost through team arrive at, against sh bed goals and benchmarks and to be accountable for their actions. Weaknesses Many subway employees are younger generations and are particularly inexperienced in the workplace.This john be a weakness for subway as this younger group of employees retain other priorities such as school/university which whoremonger set about it catchy when creating the roster for shifts and being unskilled prat cause delays in serve well and non properly organised repasts going to the customers. Opportunities tube-shaped structure has the opportunity to train their unskilled employees in a way that suits them and is in line with the organisations goals. Threats subways direct competition propose comparable workplace conditions and environments which patronage be a threat to pipe by these companies attracting higher skilled workers in the industry away from Subway.2. Capital availability Strengths As Subway is operated as franchises, the overall company has a crowing amount of capital coming in from the franchises. Subway (2013) states The SUBWAY kitchen ranges start up costs are exceptionally abject for a franchise of its size and stature. Total investment will expect on some factors, including location, rent, outlet size and equipment. Weaknesses There are many economic conditions, such as unemployment that contribute to weaknesses concerning Subways capital. confidence these economic issues with poor marketing strategies and it can affect the capital melodramatically. For role model the new $5 Combo Deal that they are straining, has resulted in a decrease in sales agreements, as the average customer is now outgo less money per grease ones palms. Opportunities Start-up costs of the franchises is low compared to similar organisations, it makes Subway more than attracting to potential owners, in that respect for encouraging more people to buy a Subway franchise which will increase the capital of t he overall company.Threats Economic issues such as the Global financial Crisis, unemployment and inflation can cause a threat to subway from opening more ancestrys, which in turn affects their ready(prenominal) capital. Capabilities 1. Marketing Strengths Eat Fresh, Live Green is Subways commitment to making a positive impact in all that they do. This is very appealing to consumers, as Subways beliefs and value are in line with theirs. Subway restaurants are also navigating the serveman of online social media to bring their message closer to consumers. Subway is experienced in international marketing.Weaknesses Subway restaurants lack the interior design and quality that would obtain everyone to repose and feel more comfortable than in the competitors restaurants Opportunities Subway employs superior marketing techniques and promotional strategies to attract and grow their customer base. The most successful Subways promotional offer was to offer footlongs for only $5. Thr eats Subway runs the risk of decreasing their client base if they lead to meet consumers wants and needs if continuous innovation and new processes are not being developed and used.2. Production Strengths Restaurants are clean and maintained. Preparation goes into get the fare ready to be served so quickly forwards, after and during store hours veggies need to be washed, diced, sliced and stored. All of this preparation contributes to the productivity of the store. Without these steps, the restaurant would not run efficiently. Weaknesses Old equipment that is no longer working at its best and staff not being available to work can be weaknesses in the production process.Opportunities Focusing their sustainability initiatives on energy efficiency, body of water & resource conservation, waste reduction, sustainable sourcing and supply chain management. Threats Equipment failure and power outages are a capacious threat to Subway concerning production. If any of these oc cur the Subway store would not be able to operate or break any products. 3. Research and Development Strengths Develops and test markets the viands that they serve, making sure it is of high standards and quality. Weaknesses The markets are constantly changing and they cannot continuously source gravel from the same suppliers.Research needs to be through with(p) constantly and they do not always suck the resources to do so, Opportunities Do customer surveys in different demographic areas to provide what those areas are in demand for. Threats Data recorded may be incorrect depending on what type of information they require and can come from unreliable sources. 4. Financial Management Strengths Subways finance team is responsible for tracking, organizing and account on all financial activities and storing this entropy for future reference. This data can help them find better ways of financially running the organisation.Weaknesses Variables in costs for produce depending on time of year and certain promotions. Variables in labour as employees come and go, more staff required for officious times of the year (holidays). Opportunities With the support they provide and the low start-up costs they offer with their franchises, they can attract more buyers and expand the Subway chain withal further. Threats Price fluctuations, for example oil, can dramatically threaten Subways financials as consumers will have lower disposable incomes which will dismiss them from freely spending their money.5. Information Systems Strengths Subway has a loyalty notification system which they use to gather information on their customers. severally bankers bill has a unique 16-digit identification number. The card enables Subway to collect data on its customers from its point-of-sale (POS) terminals to its CRM applications. Weaknesses The first loyalty card they developed was easily copied. Opportunities To introduce this card throughout all Subway stores so they can collect a larger amount of data for their information system.Threats Without certificate measures in place with their loyalty cards people could produce duplicitous cards to receive rewards from the company. External Environment Customers Strengths Subway already has a strong client base because of their fresh and more nutritious products. These factors appeal to the customers. Weaknesses Customers do not always feel like healthy options and on occasions want a greasy alternative that Subway does not provide. Opportunities Subway provides customers with the opportunity to provide feedback on their products and service.By doing this the customers have the opportunity to influence Subways decisions with how to do things better and to discover what products shift the best and what the customers like about the service they receive. Threats Poor customer service is a major threat to any business that deals with customers. Subway, without its customers, would not be able to ope rate. Another threat is if negative feedback from customers is spread around consequently this could potentially stop customers from returning Suppliers Strengths Subway sources as a lot produce as possible locally.They try to support their locally communities as much as possible. They source this produce from suppliers that share their commitment to social righteousness and sustainability. Weaknesses Some suppliers can be unreliable and not provide cable when ordered. Opportunities There are more opportunities to source more locally braggy products and help support local businesses grow and stay in the market. Threats The supplier may not have enough produce/stock to provide Subway at certain times and the supplier may rallythat the price they are receiving for their products is to a fault low, causing them to refuse supply. Competitors Strengths Largest fast food restaurant chain in the world by the number of outlets. presently the Subway operates over 38,181 restaura nts in 99 countries, more than McDonalds or any other fast food chain operator. Weaknesses Majority of Subways competitors offer cheaper meals than what Subway can, based on the price they purchase their products at. Opportunities Subway has many competitors, so they need to stay innovative and come up their products on top of the others that are available.They have the opportunity to promote their products as healthy options and deep-fryer free compared to their competitors to encourage more sales. Threats McDonalds, Hungry Jacks and KFC are some of subways main competitors. These competitors all offer family meal deals and cheap insect bite sizes on their menus which makes them more appealing to consumers. Pressure Groups Strengths Subway topics input from pressure groups and community members so they can improve the operations, products and service. Weaknesses Subway cannot rely on the information that pressure groups provide them with as it does not always represent the m ajority.Opportunities Pressure groups can be a huge opportunity for Subway to listen to their opinions and issues with the organisation and how the pressure groups think Subway can resolve these issues and develop their company to be more socially responsible. Threats Pressure groups however can be a threat as they dont always have the majorities input on these issues and are misrepresenting the whole community when the push their ideas and beliefs on Subway which can make other customers stop returning to purchase goods from them. Economic Strengths Subway opens stores when the deliverance is doing well.By doing this they establish their presence in the demographic and build up a good amount of returning consumers. Weaknesses Subway needs to have a contingency plan in place for when the economy in their area decreases. If they do not, potentially they will reduce in the amounts of sale because they cannot control consumers disposable incomes. Opportunities When the economy is strong, consumers have higher disposable incomes. This give Subway the opportunity to slightly increase prices and promote their products more as consumers are more willing to spend money.Threats Not all geographic areas have the same amount of disposable income and Subway needs to take this into consideration. In these areas Subway may need to offer special promotions or lower their prices to cater for this otherwise they will lose sales. Political Strengths Subway follows and adheres to government legislation including the Fair Trading Act and policies relating to environmental conservation. Weaknesses Each state has different standards and restrictions in place which means not every Subway store can fully operate the same.Opportunities With these policies, it creates a safer work environment at Subway and helps them become innovative on how they can reduce their environmental footprint. Threats If Subway does not follow these regulations on how they operate, produce and pro mote their products they can be fined hefty amounts of money or level off closed down. Technological Strengths As a global brand, Subway continues to make strides in sustainable packaging, and waste management as well as look for more efficient equipment and operational practices Weaknesses Not all engineering is good just because it is new.Subway needs to research thoroughly before investing in new technology to make sure that it operates with their commitments to a cleaner, healthier environment. Opportunities To obtain newer technology and apply it in aspects of their business would be a big opportunity for Subway. Threats Some local markets may not be ready for new technologies and dont have a full understanding of how they work, therefore consumers not trusting or accept in the new technologies. Natural Environment Strengths An organization cannot survive without the support of itsenvironment. Subway takes in resources such as labor, money, and raw materials from outsid e its boundaries in the natural environment. Weaknesses Subway cannot control the climate or the weather in the areas that have stores operating in. Opportunities There are opportunities that arise depending on the weather. In the hotter season Subway can promote their salads more for a meal that is more refreshing in the heat. In the cooler seasons they should promote there subs toasted for something to warm the belly.Threats Depending on locations some areas may experience episodic natural events like cyclones or tornados. These can cause a dramatic threat to Subway stores in areas where events like this occur as there can be damage to roads and buildings, no electricity and no stock or fresh produce from suppliers. Emerging Trends Strengths Subway franchises are involved with the communities surrounding them so they are always aware of the on-line(prenominal) and emergent trends happening in their locations. Weaknesses Subway cannot follow all emerging trends as there are too many and it would be too dear(p) for them to do so.Opportunities To expand their online ordering (catering for meetings/offices) to be made available for individuals to order and then pick it up, or start a speech service. Threats Often trends dont last for long periods of time, making it costly for Subway. Conclusion As you can see from the above analysis, there are many different factors, both internal and external, that effect the organisation, Subway. There are many internal and external forces that Subway needs to consider and stay on top of so they do not fail. ReferencesMindTools. com, (2013). SWOT Analysis. Retrieved on 11 September 2013 from http//www. mindtools. com/pages/article/newTMC_05. htmsthash. 86tx07Tn. dpuf SUBWAY (2013). Corporate Opportunities. Retrieved on 13 September 2013 from http//www. subway. com. au/info/franchise_information/corporate_opportunities/ Unknown Publisher, (2012). Evaluating the External Environment. Retrieved on 13 September 2013 fro m http//2012books. lardbucket. org/books/strategic-management-evaluation-and-execution/s07-evaluating-the-external-enviro. html

American Agricultural Industry

By looking at the historical superiors and abjects and the Ameri foundation plain empyrean, these constitute a success story. The early 1900s saw the golden age of trade-gardening with umpteen thriving enkindlelands across the unify States. With many farms, competition heightened and together with former(a) economic factors resulted to the extraction in the boorish sphere of influence in the late 1920s up to the early 1930s resulting to the bankruptcy of many menial farms. Abandoned lands became residential and commercial aras while the farms that remained became vauntingly farmlands that grew beca part of technical advancements.This transformed the composition of the countrified argona from many sm all to modal(a) farmlands to niches of wide-ranging farmlands driven by large capital investments and technological suppuration. political science policies conducive to the growth of the boorish sector too contributed to the further study of the rustic sector. Although many small farms closed, the long-term impact of substitutes in the inelegant sector is the decline in farm poverty because of higher productiveness and lower bells from the abatement of competition to a certain extent.Although, contemporary countrified sector has non regained the position it reached during its golden age, growth is sustainable. (Gardner 1-3) The present rustic sector survived because of four factors. First is capital investments, in which the banking and financial sector played an important spell. Second is sustained productivity due to the development of technological tools and processes. Third is government support for look intoes in the unpolished sector to support sound policymaking.Fourth atomic number 18 the value-support programs of the government for stability that benefits farm owners by enabling them to gain sufficient profits to sustain keep ond outturn as well as consumers through with(predicate) with(predicate) lower prices so t hat victuals constitutes less than ten percent of the budget of custom of American households. (Gardner 337) Methods of outturn and Distribution Production and distribution in the American rural varies betwixt the large and small farms.In the case of the large farms, the method of output targets the volume market and takes advantage of economies of scale and the mode of distribution is through portion- merchandise outlets such as large supermarkets and other retail venues widely kindly to consumers. There are large farms that assume been able to produce more than one agricultural product and these distribute products within economies of scope by bundling complementary goods. Large farms achieve economies of scale by utilise high-technology tools and processes and taking advantage of the abundance of workers in the labor market.Production in large farms use tractors to till land, small planes to spread pesticides over vast tracts of land, set water sprinklers, and other implements or even biotechnology by employ pest or weather resistant varieties of seeds, vaccines for livestock, and weight control systems. Although these invite costs, it is scarce on a one-time basis with cost-savings accruing in the long-term, and technology supports mass doing. Large farms also depend on contractual workers for the necessary manual work and the abundance of unskilled labor especially coming from Mexico has allowed farms to bowdle plagiarise back on cost.Due to cost-efficiency, large farms are able to cut-down on yield costs and ensure high yields resulting to the ability to offer competitive market prices. As such, large farms are able to gain large supermarkets as distribution channels by offering a bigger mark-up price and gains for the retailers. (Paul and Nehring 526-528) In the case of the small, farms, production depends on its cost structure, revenue generation, and market so that methods of production implements basic technological tools and pro cesses together with manual labor.The low scale of production of small farms led to niche marketing targeting only a limited market to ensure sales. Distribution channels are through on-site retail outlets, groceries, and specialty stores. (Paul and Nehring 526-528) Market Structure and assiduity Market structure of the American agricultural sedulousness experienced great degrees of concentration. Technological developments pick out segmented the American agricultural industry into dickens groups.One are the limited frame of large farms that, in a way, can be considered as operating within an oligopoly or even nearing monopoly, besides only for the government prerogatives to intervene to protect public policy. The other is small farms operating in an atomistic structure so that these do not leave any significant result on prices. There is a wide gap between the large and small farms in equipment casualty of productivity and market impact, with the large firmlys operating with large capital and employing high technology processes while households usually run small farms with limited workers utilize technological tools that fit their expenditure range.This resulted to high barriers to entry and exit. Contrary to estimates, the number of farms in the American agriculture sector experienced little change in the number of pseudos since there are around 2. 1 million farms remaining with an average of . 25 percent decline rate. This is because the large firms perplex remained stable with expansion through the mergers or the acquisition of small farms. feat occurs in the case of small firms through the entry of small farms specializing on certain agricultural products for niche markets to succeed in becoming part of the agricultural market.In addition, the difference in farmland also widened with the large farms producing on more than 1,000 dry land of land while small farms only have less than 50 acres. (Ahearn, Yee, Korb 1182) Due to the segmentatio n of the American agricultural sector into a few large farms and many small farms, agricultural production is concentrated in the large firms contributing two-thirds to the primary agricultural production in the United States of grains, fruits and vegetables, and livestock. The remaining one-third comes from small farms. (Ahearn, Yee, Korb 1183)Degree of Foreign controversy The degree of foreign competition in agricultural trade has freehanded because of the rise in the importation of agricultural products by the United States. This agency that foreign competition has escalated due to the entry of agricultural imports, especially from ontogenesis countries. Projections show that in the next years the respite of trade would run in favor of agricultural imports. During the 1980s up to the early 1990s, the United States is a string player in the trade of agricultural products so that exports exceeded imports.By the mid-1990s, the surplus in agriculture trade has declined from $2 7. 3 billion to $10. 5 billion so that even if agricultural exports overcompensate to sum up, the volume of imports is also doubling. This was due to the rise in agricultural export prices as the American economy experienced growth. Economic growth also fuelled agricultural imports since Americans had the income to obtain foreign products that gormandiseed the market due to price differences. (Jerardo) Now, growth and patterns of inhalation would further fuel the growth in the imports of agricultural products.Rise in consumption together with the growe exposure of American consumers to international cuisine would continue to favor the importation of agricultural products. The consumption of foreign agricultural products should increase from 13 percent in the next years. (Jerardo) The major competitors of the United States in agricultural trade are China, India, Indonesia, Mexico and other agriculture-based economies in Latin America. These countries have large populations but t hese are also primarily agricultural economies owing to favorable climate conditions and low labor cost.Raw agricultural products come from Mexico and the Latin American countries because of geographic proximity while processed foods, which arrest 62 percent of food consumption of Americans, come from China, India and Indonesia. (Jerardo) Industry Leaders The agricultural sector in the United States is a mix of sub-sectors such as livestock or fruits and vegetables, seeds or feeds, packing or processing, and research and development. The industry leaders have risks in many or all of these sub-sectors to ensure their competitiveness, industry position, and market share.Leaders in the agricultural sector comprise not really of the owners of farmlands but the firms controlling the agricultural sectors encompassing production, harvesting, processing, forwarding, transport, and export of agricultural products. Large farms and agricultural firms have created clusters to gain approach path to these distinguishable sub-sectors. The clustering is dynamic depending on the swaps brought about by mergers and acquisitions. Currently, there are three clusters comprising the leading agricultural sector players. (Helper 1288) Cargill/Monsanto.Cargill is a large firm engaged in the seed operations including research. It has a large capitalization and control over farmlands along the Ohio and Illinois River basin. Cargill purchased continental grain to gain access to clavus, wheat and soybeans production along the Mississippi River for export. Monsanto is widely engaged in biotechnology and it has acquired patent over genetic products that ensure better yields through more resistant agricultural produce. Cargill entered into a joint venture with Monsanto in 1998 to gain access to the patented genetic products by offering its large capitalization as bonus.Cargill/Monsanto focuses on the production, processing, packaging, marketing, and export of seeds as well as corn, wh eat and soybean products. (Heffernan) ConAgra is engaged in various sub-sectors as a top-three flour miller, top-four corn miller, top-three live stock feed producer, top-two in cattle slaughtering, top-three pork central processing unit, and top-five broiler producer and processor. United Agri Products, a subsidiary also engages in seeds, fertilizers, and other agricultural chemicals as well as biotechnology. It has its own packaging and processing plants as well as land and water transport subsidiaries.It collaborated with ADM for the operation of a grain export facility. ConAgra also has a stake in production, processing, distribution and export of grains and livestock. (Heffernan) Archer Daniels Midland Company (ADM) constitutes the largest processor of agricultural products such as corn, soybeans, wheat and cocoa. It collaborates with farm cooperatives to obtain fond agricultural products for processing or gained shares in firms engaged in agricultural production such as Gro wmark, Countrymark, United Grain, and Riceland.It has expanded into the other sub-sectors through a join venture with Novartis to gain access to seeds, biotechnology, and agricultural chemicals. It has also engaged in the raising, slaughtering and processing of livestock through joint ventures with coalesced Nutrition and AGP. ADM has also been able to participate in the major sub-sectors. (Heffernan) Thus, the agricultural sector in the United States operates through corporate farming. Scarcity of get to Scarcity of agricultural land the in the United States pertains to the land use conversion and degradation of agricultural lands due to the use of chemicals.Land conversion go downs farm size while land degradation reduces productivity or causes shift in production from one agricultural product to another. This also pertains to the simile of agricultural production with the consumption of agricultural products. In the United States, agricultural lands constitutes 46 percent of the land base, which remains a significant dowry share considering the massive industrialization of economic sectors. Of the 2. 3 billion acres of land comprising the United States, 442 million acres comprise croplands and more than ergocalciferol million acres of farmsteads, pastures and ranges.Conversion of agricultural lands is not significant so that in the past thirty years, only six percent of agricultural lands have been converted for other purposes. In call of land degradation, reports have not raised alarm on the rate of land degradation. In terms of food consumption, the increase in food imports is fuelled by change in consumption patterns and not the inability of agricultural lands to support the food demand of Americans. Moreover, the U. S. remains a major food exported. Land scarcity does not constitute a major problem in the American agricultural sector.(Brady) Impact of Ethanol Production on Wheat Production and bell to Consumers The government has implemented a f ixed subsidy on grain alcohol at a floor rate of 40 cents for every gal and a ceiling rate of 60 cents per gallon. The subsidy served as an incentive for production of ethanol as an resource source of fuel in the United States. Relative to price of gross oil, ethanol is slightly cheaper depending on the volume of production. However, in the early 2000s, the price of crude oil skyrocketed to as much as $80 per barrel.The huge difference in price opened opportunities for the expansion of ethanol production because of the fixed subsidy together with the room for price increase that would still be below crude oil prices but constituting significantly higher prices than its previous market offering. This sum that few farmers have shifted to the sowing of raw materials of ethanol leading to a decrease in the number of farmers and farmlands producing agricultural products. This in turn led to the rise in the prices of agricultural products such as wheat and even soybeans.In addition, o ther alternative sources of power have gained momentum such as corn. Although corn receives lower subsidy compared to ethanol, the engagement of the agricultural sector in alternative sources of energy could significantly affect the volume of production of other agricultural products that would prove costly for consumers in the form of higher food prices. This effect has led to the emergence of the issue of food-fuel prioritization. (Tyner and Taheripour 1303) This is yet to be resolved and this would continue to become an issue in the agricultural sector until the next decade.Conclusion mental capacity for the American agricultural sector in the future points to a ordained situation because the United States would continue to become a major player in agricultural exports while providing agricultural products to the domestic market. However, there are a number of policy issues that requires due consideration. First, forecasts of balance of trade shows a further decline in agricul tural trade surplus with some even suggesting the probability of trade deficit.This is because even if agricultural production experiences growth, the flood of imported food products could be greater, especially when these food products become cheaper as the price of domestically grown agricultural products increase. This will have a significant adverse impact on the American agricultural sector. change surface if there is no food shortage, the flooding of cheaper agricultural products could contribute to the decline in the agricultural sector. The government take to assess its import policies to balance consumer demand with the viability of the agricultural sector.Second, land use and agricultural production needs assessment, since this falls within federal and state regulation, especially in the scene of the food-fuel debate. The rising prices of agricultural products could be eased through the application of a flexible instead of a fixed subsidy rate together with the continue d investment in research and development to justify the perpetuation of subsidies for ethanol and even the focus on fuel from corn. It has been thirty years since the government started implementing subsidies on ethanol but ethanol as an alterative fuel has yet to become a commercial source of energy as intended.Thus, government policies on price support and agricultural research has played an important role in the growth of the American agricultural sector and this will not change in the future since the issues face up by the agricultural sector fall within the area of policymaking and beat to government regulation. Works Cited Ahearn, Mary Clare, Jet Yee, and Penni Korb. Effects of Differing Farm Policies on Farm Structure and Dynamics. American Journal of sylvan Economics 87. 5 (2007) 1182-1189. Brady, Michael. Land Use, Value and Management. 18 October 2005. farming Economic Research Service. 26 April 2008 <http//www. ers. usda. gov/ instruct/landuse/> Gardner, Bruce. American Agriculture in the Twentieth Century How it Flourished and What is Cost. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press, 2002. Heffernan, William. workplace on Concentration in U. S. Agriculture. 5 February 1999. Institute for Agriculture and take Policy. 26 April 2008 <http//www. greens. org/s-r/gga/heffernan. html> Helper, Susan. Empirical Research in an Increasingly change state Industrial Environment Discussion. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 89. 5(2007) 12881289.Jerardo, Alberto. The U. S. Agricultural Trade Balance More than Just a Number. 1 February 2004. USDA Economic Research Service. 26 April 2008 <http//www. ers. usda. gov/amberwaves/February04/Features/USTradeBalance. htm> Paul, Catherine, and Richard Nehring. Product Diversification, Production Systems, and Economic procedure in U. S. Agricultural Production. Journal of Econometrics 126. 2(2005) 525-548. Tyner, Wallance, and Farzad Taheripour. Renewable Energy Policy Alternatives for the Fu ture. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 89. 5 (2007) 1303-1310.

Accidental Death of an Anarchist Essay

Dario Fos pilot program gip, accidental goal of an Anarchist has been adapted and transformed an innumerable come in of times, to greater or lesser success. Most often, readjustments that involve a in advance(p)isation or complete transformation of the figure kayoed flock be seen as less successful as they tend to alter the current so lots that the certain message and intention of the campaign is lost. However, often when adapting the fit to a upstart con textual matter, a complete transformation is required to settle with the requirements of a vastly assorted earshot.Whilst it is difficult for a non-Italian speaker to full comprehend the message, style and purpose of Fos original composing of Accidental Death of an Anarchist, through literal interpretations and separates opinions, we can begin to decipher Fos original intention in writing such(prenominal) a semi governmentally active text. Written in 1970 in response to the accidental death of Pino Pinelli, an a narchic railway worker, in the head for the hills Fo writes or so real life events in a political framework. His central message doubtlessly revolves more or less his desire to take off a will to act in his audience.See more Homelessness as a social problem EssayAs insist by Joseph Farrel in his introduction to Nyes edition of Accidental Death of an Anarchist, it was no per centum of Fos scheme to be unduly pernicious in his approach or intentions and, as Fo himself has said, his aim was to stir joke with rage. The central message of Fos victimize is indisputably one of political origins, which highlights the utter degeneration of the society in which it is based. However, Fo achieves this aim through the mechanism of lampoon, for, as according to Joseph Farrel, Farce seemed to him Dario Fo the most effective means of provoking thought.It is for just this basis that Fo dis pretextd such a serious, hard-hitting message in the guise of farce, for farce was a wind which prevented catharsis, one of the worst d fires. Fo believes that laughter serves a purpose, to grab the attention of the audience. Nevertheless, Fo does non merely want to make them his audience laugh, just he excessively wants them to notion indignant closely the cover-ups and miscarriages of justice perpetrated by the Italian police military capability.In so doing, the central message of the map challenges the authorities sequence demonstrating that comedy can be at the heart of truth. The style of Fos original play businessly fits under the noble and modern genre of farce, as described by Dario Fo himself. Fo models his images later the medieval giull are and harlequin from Commedia dellarte. When the play was primarily performed, it was modified on a day-by-day basis, as according to the events uncovered during the trial of Pinelli. Thus, the play excessively included improvisation and was subject to change according to the audiences re litigates.Furthermore, the p lay usually contained a third act that involved a debate with the audience in which Fo would discuss the affair and raise audience society. Fos play generally involved an absence of the tail wall and workers would often communicate with the audience. In Fos original, the maniac is the fictional character that, according to Farrell, destroys all conventions and does not merely boast and make fun of the baubles the king wears around his neck, just now also of his right to wear a crown at all.The screwballman exists in a dimension of his own, however is also the personification of grounds and human race morality. His primary purpose is to expose the utter corruption and, to a certain extent insanity, of the police force. It is ironic that this task is awarded to a madman. While Fo depicts the policemen as smiling and queen-sizely benign buffoons, he ensures that their sinister nature and malicious tendencies are not lost. Fos original gives the journalist a completely stra ight part, for, as according to Fo, there comes a point when laughter is no bimestrial necessary.When translating the play, many issues arise that, in both(prenominal) cases, prevent the reliable implication of it from organism conveyed. First and foremost among these issues is the simple fact that, as stated by Brigid Maher in her article entitled The Comic character in Translation Dario Fos Accidental Death of an Anarchist, the description of literature is a cultural act as well as a linguistic one, which leads to the question, how can a play be made to work in the coffin nail agri last while unchanging retaining some of those qualities that make it a part of the source culture? .It is required that different ultures understand and endorse different things, resulting in the conclusion that, an adaptation is the best means to ensure the play roosts relevant when the culture of the target audience is changing. Many adapters struggle in finding a means of communicating to a non-Italian audience the information on political events Fo was able to take for granted with his own audiences, and indeed many a(prenominal) have produced nothing more than a kind of surreal farce. Adapters also encounter difficulties when attempting to accommodate performance traditions as well as accuracy and ensuring that dialogue is speakable as well as folding to the original.The key issue in translating the play lies in stay faithful to the original a play of massive political extend to that lies well and truly in the genre of farce. This aim of the play, to provoke laughter with anger is difficult to replicate, resulting in many translators of the text emphasising the comedy of the play at the expense of the politics. Simon Nyes adaptation of the play, created for Methuen Drama in 2003, seemingly remains square to the original text, although the edition egresss to entail a loss of anarchism in the changing of the context and political references.This results in th e play losing seriousness, to the extent that its potency is diminished. In Michael Billingtons review of Nyes adaptation of the play, he states that he misses the moral anger that should underlie the madcap zaniness and that the play is torn between reverence for the original and the desire to do a radical re-write. In essence, this translation of the play is exactly that while it appears to remain true to the original, changing the political context to relate more to direct 9/11 fears of terrorism results in the actual concept of anarchism being lost, taking the tragedy of the death of an righteous man along with it.Gavin Richards stochastic variable of the play, written for Belt and Braces Road line of battle Company in 1979, while different to Simon Nyes, still falls short of being a true translation of the original. In the words of Tony Mitchell, Richards adaptation distorted the original text, cutting it extensively and adding speeches and stage business which often went co mpletely against the grain of Fos play. The satire of the play is diminished and it appears to descend into the realms of slapstick comedy to obtain b depletedzy laughs.Brigid Maher elieves that Richards version of the play presents not so much an interpretation of the text, as a significant rewriting which in large part misrepresents the intention of the text. She believes that Richards alterations significantly alter the ideology of the text and that it becomes a play that is simplistically funny and has less of an edge of social and political criticism. Richards appears to miss the point of Fos play, that is to elicit not only laughter, but also indignation and impetus to action, and never atharsis, peculiarly in his conclusion of the play, in which a cathartic feel is doubtlessly interwoven.Both Nye and Richards elected to alter the name of the madman, Il Matto in Italian, to swashbuckler, and in so doing lost some of the potential meaningfulness of the madmans speeches. Fo sooner depicted the madman as cunning, scheming, disrespectful towards permit, quick-witted peachy in his judgements and scornful of official cant and mendacity, as described by Farrell. He is supposed to be the personification of reason and guardian of public morality.While in Nyes translation the maniac(predicate) maintains this reason and public morality by asserting that the anarchist was completely innocent according to Jane OGrady in her review of Nyes play, he the maniac doesnt really enjoy himself enough to transport the audience into hilarity, with laughter being one of the primary aims of the original play. Nevertheless, the madman maintains his didactic conduct and endlessly offers attacks on authorities, such as when he tells the examiner to tolerate dumping on state.In Richards play the maniacs speeches and other important dialogues are short and concise, to the extent that major separates appear to be missing. This is spare in the play when the maniacs speeches in Nyes translation tend to extend for pages and involve intricate discussions about the politics of the time, including anarchism, to the extent that social class segregation is discussed, in the lines on that points an old saying The squire sets his dogs on the peasants.The peasants complain to the king, so the squire kills the dogs and gets off the hook. Richards play completely omits these references, resulting in a play that appears to value slap-stick comedy and easy-laughs above arousing indignation and impetus to action against the utter corruption of the authorities. Furthermore, the language employed by Richards is both down-to-earth and exceptionally colloquial when compared to Nyes adaptation. This is evident in many lines, such as when the maniac is describing the positives associated with being a judge.In Richards translation, the maniac says, Take your lathe operator- touch of the shakes, couple of minor accidents, out to grass. Coal miner, sting of silicosis and hes fucked at fifty, whereas in Nyes translation, the aforesaid(prenominal) speech reads, Worker on a production lines past it at fifty- trouble keeping up, making the odd slip-up, out you go Your miners got silicosis by the time hes forty-five- off he trots, sacked, before hes entitled to a pension.Nyes maniac appears to have greater intelligence than that of Richards, which is evident simply because he brings up the thought of a pension at all a concept that Richards entirely omits, along with many other such references. Richards version also omits the section in which the maniac transforms himself into a Bishop, condensing the variety of references in the play and then the play becomes less politicised. According to Tony Mitchell, Richards often reduces the characters to caricatures and uses a highly non-naturalistic, agit-prop form of represent.Richards reduces the police characters to almost racist Italian stooges and seems to miss the point that in the original, despite bei ng bumbling, incompetent buffoons, they are always capable of maintaining an aggressive, sound front. Richards ensures that the policemen are reduced to these bumbling fools when he makes them crawl around and bestows them lines such as oggy, oggy, oggy, oi, oi, oi . Nye also has a tendency to portray the policemen as smiling and largely benign buffoons, and in so doing their underlying sinister nature is lost.However, Nyes major downfall lies in is his characterisation of the journalist, a character that, in the original has a completely straight part for when laughter is no longer necessary. Nye depicts the journalist as a playful, flirty woman who often participates in the comedy. OGrady describes this as ill-thought out and thus some of the underlying seriousness of the play is lost. Nye strays from the original when he does not attempt to break the fourth wall and no audience participation is encouraged, whereas Richards remains true to the original in frequently breaking the fourth wall.This is seen in his play when Bertozzo addresses the audience by saying, I ought to admonish you that the author of this sick little play, Dario Fo, has the traditional, irrational hatred of the police commonalty to all narrow-minded left-wingers and so I shall, no doubt, be the backward butt of endless anti-authoritarian jibes. Nevertheless, it is unclear if this is in truth an attempt to remain true to Fo or simply a comedic mechanism to obtain easy laughs, the second of the two more likely due to the nature of the avowal and that it is in fact insulting Fo.Richards play commences with an introduction that describes the background empennage the situation, perhaps as an attempt to replicate the background knowledge that audience members would have been in possession of when Fos play was originally performed. However it is Nye that undoubtedly has written a play as dear to Fo as any modern adaptation could be. This is evident end-to-end the play, however is most p rominent in his choice of ending. Nye concludes with the death of the maniac, and thus that of another innocent man, and a real judge entering to reopen the enquiry into the death of the anarchist.Contrarily, in Richards version of the play, he concludes with two alternative endings, one in which the policemen are killed and the other in which the journalist dies. The maniac concludes the play with the line whichever way it goes, you see, youve got to decide, and thus a certain cathartic feel is produced. Dario Fos original intention in writing Accidental Death of an Anarchist was undoubtedly to provoke not only laughter, but also anger an impetus to action against the utter corruption and lies surrounding the Italian police force of the late 1960s.His intention, as he has said himself on numerous occasions, was never to provoke catharsis, and it is for this reason that neither Simon Nyes nor Gavin Richards adaptations of the play are crossly successful. Fos discontent with these p articular adaptations stemmed from their having transformed the entire message of his play. He believed that the moral anger and potency was missing, the laughs were paramount and that the painful immediacy was lost. As Pissani rightly asserted in Richards own adaptation of the play, it consists mainly of unheard of optical aberration to the authors meaning.Nevertheless, this loss of potency in the plays can, to a certain extent, be attributed to the problems associated with translations. It is difficult for a non-Italian audience that has not been open to the political events of Italy in the 1960s to comprehend Fos complex referencing. This ensures that alterations must be made by adapters to account for this, and in so doing, much of the original message of the play is lost. Furthermore, in changing the culture of the target audience, expectations and even humour is changed and thus no adaptation of Fos original could ever be a true delegation of it.It is not just these alterat ions in references that cause adaptations of the play to be discomfited in the society of today. It is also the simple fact that many audiences are not as politically active or affected as Fos original audience, and thus a certain complacence is adopted in our culture. This complacency results in the play being not as successful despite updated references, simply because the political events in the play do not resonate as profoundly with a modern audience.Accidental Death of an Anarchist EssayQ) Critically analyze the traffic pattern of Madman in Dario Fos play The Accidental Death of an anarchist.A) Dario Fos play The Accidental Death of an Anarchist (1970) lies in the category of revolutionary field of operation that challenges the fascist regime of Italy. The play is a farce based on events involving a real person, Giuseppe Pinelli, who fell or was propel from the fourth floor window of a Milan police office in 1969. He was accused of bombing a bank. The accusation is wi dely seen as part of the Italian Far Rights dodging of tension. Just like Fos other play, this play is also funny and subversive and shows a strong preference for the culture and traditions of the median(a) people and a commitment to the left wing politics.The play moves quick through a serial publication of farcical situations and exposes the hypocrisy and anti- people character of the bourgeois society and the so called sacred institutions- the police, the judiciary, the religion and the media. The play was originally written and performed in Italian in 1970 and first English translation was done in 1979.Central to the play is the character of The Madman, who is the prime title-holder of the play. Through the story of the madman in a police billet Dario Fo has a created a classic example of exquisitely political theatre with a comedy that begins from being realistic, (the stage setting is of a realistic, ordinary police post) moves towards the frankly implausible (the madman, the inspector, the superintendent and the constable relation the song of anarchists in the police station), reaches to the level of grotesque (the constant punching and kicking of Bertozzo by the police officials, and the falling eye) until it ends with a hilarious and ludicrous climax.He (the madman) invents dialogue based on a paradoxical or on real situation and goes on from there by virtue of some kind of natural, geometric logic, inventing conflicts that find their solutions in one gag after(prenominal) another in correspondence with a parallel political theme, a political theme which is clear and didactic. You are moved and you laugh but above all you are made to think, realize and develop your arrest of everyday events that had escaped your attention. Franca Rame on The Character of Madman in Accidental Death of an anarchistThe madman is not just a character in the play, but he acts as a literary device in the play. He provides most of the humor content of the play. The madman is comical and he constantly contradicts other characters as well as himself. His series of logical/illogical arguments becomes impossible to tackle and it frustrates the Police Department. Even though being termed as psychologically unfit, the madman appears to be the most levelheaded character in the play.He ridicules the police officials for missing out on the basic concepts of English grammar and the use of the most important COMMA that changes the meaning of a sentence. He dictates the terms of law and judiciary to police officials. He is extremely sarcastic. He ridicules the superintendent for assuming the railway man deep-rooted the bomb in railway station without any substantiate cause and sarcastically rebukes the kindergarten logic.The people in power appear to be inhuman and brute in their actions, and the sacred governmental place, the police station appears to be a madhouse or a slaughterhouse. The madman, even though he is mad appears to be the sanest charac ter in the play. In fact, he appears to be directing the play according to his wishes. Suffering from a complaint of enacting people, he sees the world as a stage and other people as his fellow characters.He warns Bertozzo that soon he is about to be punched by Pisani and warns him to duck. Bertozzo ignores the directorial warning of the madman. Later he tells the superintendent to stop vie around and keep to the script. The actions of the play move around as the madman says and everyone does what he asks them to. Bertozzo, who defies the madmans instructions, keeps on getting punched and thrown out.Hence, Fo, in his play, takes the power out from the hands of the police, the judiciary, and the media and gives it to the representative of the lower section of society, the madman. By pretending to be, in turn to be various figures of authority psychiatrist, professor, magistrate, bishop, forensic expert the Maniac forces officials to re-create the events with the purpose of showin g the inconsistencies in the official reports of Pinellis leap and to confess their responsibility in the anarchists death. The madman manages to create mayhem within the policeman, representatives of law and lay and figures of authority are made to appear ridiculous and a target of laughter. He exposes how people in power are all in collusion to save their own.Now I am about to show some of the theatre/TV productions of the play and give brief comments on how the character of madman operates in them. Firstly, take a look at the 1983 British TV movie that was telecasted on Channel 4. In this production, the original Italian setting is mixed with contemporary references to Thatchers Britain.1) In the graduation exercise itself, various impersonations of the madman are shown pointing towards the crime committed by him.2) The madman constantly points towards the audience that is standing upwards, and the crew, and chats with them. And he talks to the director about the censorship law s on television in Britain, when the inspector says The F word. (5 legal proceeding 30 seconds).3) In the play, not only the madman enacts different roles, but the same constable is used on the 2nd floor and the twenty percent floor and also as a liftman. The madman here is touch on with anti materialist sentiment as well. The madman remarks about the fact low budget of the show saying, Couldnt they get a different actor to play you? Whos directing this thing, Ian MacGregor? (17 minutes) and the Maniac, This is commercial television in crisisSimilarly, in The IIT production of the play, which is performed in India, in Hindi, the references are converted according to Indian settings and sentiments.1) The University of Padua is converted into University of Patiala. Themadman teaches the Hindi vowels to the constable and the policeman. (430) (A aa e ee)2) The police inspector in the 6th minute of the play says to the madman that hes madder than the madman. As I said above the madma n appears to be the sanest of characters in the play.My fair Heathen Productions in their September 2007 production actually used a woman for the role of the madman. Hence the madman is enacting as a madman from the beginning and in fact is a mad woman. This does not bring a significant change to the play, except plausibly the so called marginalized figure of a madman, becomes a more marginalized figure as in this production its a woman, who comes to a male henpecked domain and creates havoc in the lives of the men from powerful sections of the society.Hence, different theatre companies have used different types of madman to heighten the message of the play.

Psychological and Sociological Insights Essay

This essay ease off accost how psychological and sociological insights help nurses to understand wellness animatenessstyles by exploring life sciences, focusing on pile who eng climb on in consume and how they look to override the fact that they ar putting their wellness at fortune. In addition to this I will also be highlighting statistics and soon discussing the wellness complications that develop from dope. Consequently, it is important for nurses to understand how plenty function, much so when they are healthy so we know how to help when a health problem arises. Functioning as a person involves complaisant and psychological aspects, as well as having functioning body systems. Over the decades thither every(prenominal)ow been many different explanations on how nation function, this essay will discuss psychological and sociological ideas that will give nurses an understanding of muckles behavior, thoughts, feelings and life-styles. For this purpose, this es say will be reflecting on the psychological perspectives of accessible eruditeness theory, unrealistic optimism and the health model locale of health.Secondly, it sh every be discussing the sociological perspectives of socio-class and low-incomes and complaisantisation to discover why battalion may start to roll of tobacco and why muckle continue to muckle knowing the riskinesss involved. Ironically, as new as the 1940s smoking was considered harmless and the overall attitude of people was that smoking relieved tension muchover research has since confirmed that smoking causes many diseases detrimental to ones health much(prenominal) as masscer, cardiovascular and lung diseases. fastball is a greater cause of remnant and hindrance than any single disease, says the World Health Organisation (WHO). According to WHO, smoking is responsible for approximately five million devastations worldwide every division (WHO, 2012). Presently, in the United Kingdom smoking is the leading cause of dying with 120,000 people dying annually due to smoking repaird diseases and cost the National Health Service (NHS) the sum of 2.7 billion to provide health veneration for people with smoking related illnesses (Department of Health, 1998).Even so, people smooth continue to engage in this life threatening behaviour patronage knowing the dangers and risks that it involves. Therefore, as nurses we need to consider how addictive smoking is to many item-by-items (Rana, Upton. 2009) this ignore influence the health choices people make. Health psychologists attempt to predict how people make choices about their life-styles. According to Albert Banduras theory (1965,1991) on social learning suggested that learning can occur non sole(prenominal) by association, reward and habitation but also by find others behaviour and by imitating it and does not require the individual to be actively involved in the learning process (Barker, 2007) this is referred to as vicario us learning through modelling. The social learning perspective implies that smoking behaviour is wise(p) by modelling and social influences (Rana, Upton, 2009).Statistically, most smokers start smoking as teenagers (Payne, Walker 1996) and children are more(prenominal) wantly to smoke if their produces smoke and their parents attitude to smoking is an important factor (Action on bullet and health, 2011).Valente et al (2005) suggests that one of the important reasons for adolescents to start to smoke is the influence of chums and siblings and parents for the most part become less influential ( Rana, Upton, 2009). Therefore leads us on to social influence, this refers to the way in which peoples behaviour is influenced by the nominal head and actions of others (Cialdini, 2004). Despite knowing the health risks of smoking, young people soundless set to engage in smoking as the number of young people who smoke remains the alike(p) (ASH, 2012). Some will manage to diverge bu t a good percentage will endure to smoke for decades, this increases the risk substantially in developing illness and early death (Department of Health, 1998) even though 7 out of 10 larges say that they would like to give up but continue to smoke, the reasons for continuing they say it is a way of coping with stress, a way of relaxing and women seem to be anxious with putting on excess weight.Understanding when and why the individual started to smoke and the reasons for continuing can help the nurse understand more about the individuals lifestyle. The nurse can then lead support and advice on how the individual can use different strategies en equal them to overcome these hurdles and promote the health benefits of quitting smoking. In an attempt to let off why individuals continue to damage their health by continuing to smoke, Weinstein (1983, 1984) suggests that the reasons people often engage in unhealthy behaviour is due to the individuals perceptions of risk and susceptibili ty are inaccurate (Rana, Upton. 2009). A study carried out by Weinstein, he asked subjects to examine a list of health problems and to rate their chances of developing the problem, compared to others of the same age and sex.The outcome of this study showed that most of the subjects believed that they were less presumable to develop the health problem. Weinstein called this phenomenon unrealistic optimism, as he argued that not everyone can be less promising to develop an illness (Ogden, 2007). He claims that individuals overleap their admit health risks and smokers convince themselves that they are not at risk of developing illnesses, as much as other smokers. Many smokers stool the belief that if there is not a problem now there will not be one in the future and their lifestyle continues knowing the risks. This model can be used in nursing to help the nurse to understand the attitudes of most smokers. Understanding the attitudes the nurse can help promote healthy lifestyle ch oices by providing the individual book information about the impact that smoking has on their health. Reasons for continuing this lifestyle can be explained using the Health Locus of Control (HLC), peoples attributions about health and illness.For instance, Wallaston & Wallaston 1982, states that internal control is when individuals hunt to regard the control of their health there responsibility by believe that their health and recovery of illness are dependent on their own actions (Payne, Walker. 1996) or they believe it is down to fate or luck this could relate to people that continues to smoke. Whereas external control is when the individuals believes their health is not controllable by them and is controlled by powerful others, for example doctors and nurses and are less likely to unsay their own action and believe that it is the responsibility of external factors. The health locus of control has been shown to relate to whether the individual lurchs their behaviour toward s smoking. External individuals who wish to give up smoking will generally be more complying to change their lifestyle and seek advice and help from health care professionals more so than internal individuals (Odgen, 2007).Nurses can apply this model to people with external HLC who are considering giving up smoking by providing the appropriate information modify the individual to seek help from the available sources and work alongside them to conspire a programme in which will benefit them (Rana, Upton. 2009). The sociology perspectives look at the social world and differences in lifestyles that can influence the individuals health. Studies amaze shown that inequalities in health is not just down to ones behaviour but displays a connection to the social and economics and environment all of which influence peoples lifestyles (Taylor, Field. 2007). The Black Report 1980 inevitably found that poor health and earlier deaths are the magnitude to socio-economic inequalities (Denney, Ea rle. 2010).The socio economic classes are still split as the prevalence of smoking regular among people who work manual of arms jobs are more than likely to smoke more so than people that work in non manual jobs ( Action on Smoking and Health, ASH. 2012), (appendices 1.1). Smoking prevalence is an important element of the differences in the state of health and death rates between social classes and remains high among men and women in the lower socio economic group (Richardson, 2001). As nurses we need to be mindful of the social world in which we practice, understanding the differences in how people rattling will determine the lifestyle choices they make (Marsh, Keating. 2006). Nurses must consider the factors underlying the socio economic differences in smoking such as occupational status, income, education, trapping and environment. It may be considered that the decision to smoke is influenced by social factors and social circumstances of the individual.The behaviour of smoki ng is often linked to poverty and illness, as the poorest family group- single parents have the highest rates of smoking an 80% chance of existence smoker if you fall into this social class (Crosier, unknown). Marsh and McKay (1994) reported that people who are living on low income are most likely to smoke least able to quit smoking least able to afford smoking most likely to suffer increased rigour due to the expenditure on tobacco (Richardson, 2001). The debate about women and smoking illustrates this well. Despite over the past decade, the number of people smoking has declined but only has shown a small decrease in women smoking, yet the preeminence between the working and middle class women has increased (Nettleton, 2006). Research into women in low income families with young children, smoke as it is a means of a coping strategy to help deal with the multiple demands that are displace upon them.Graham (1987) found that mothers on low incomes used smoking as a coping strategy that could provide time out. The mothers where all aware of the health risks associated with smoking so providing more education was flimsy to have an impact (Scambler, 2008). The nurse would, however, have to computer address that the added pressure for the mothers on low incomes, to give up smoking may cause more stress and could lead to additional health implications, as a number this could have a negative impact on their lives (Bury, Gabe. 2004).It is the nurses role to address this issue by providing appropriate support and information on alternating(a) ways of coping with stress, whilst retaining their autonomy (Naidoo, Wills. 2004).Socialization is more often than not the main reason for people to start smoking, as 82% of adult smokers started smoking in their teenage years (ASH, 2012), as adolescences are more than likely to indulge in risk taking behaviour such as smoking, to create a sense of belonging to a peer group (Clarke, 2010), this soon becomes a regular daily smoking pattern, preserve by nicotine addiction but is reinforced by social norms (Ewles, 2005). It is a nurses role to help change of attitudes of the younger participation by continuing to provide education on the addiction of nicotine and health risks of smoking and prevention of disease.The Department of Health brought about The White composition Smoking Kills (1998) as they recognised the health issues of smoking and that one of their main concern was the rises in children /adolescences smoking, Appendices 1.2. They have put in measures to reduce smoking among the younger generation by minimilising tobacco adverts in shops, proof of age cards were introduced and the age to purchase tobacco has risen from 16 to 18 years old. Although in general we are living healthier and lengthy lives due to the overall improvements that has been made throughout the past decades there is still room for improvement in health inequalities within the top and nates ends of the social scale (Cla rke, 2010). To conclude, nurses need to understand the principles of psychological and sociological insights to health lifestyles.As a result, this helps the nurse understand the reasons why people bring to take up smoking and continue to smoke, leading a lifestyle that is detrimental to their health. From exploring these life sciences the nurse will have a split up understanding of the different attitudes, health beliefs, thoughts and feelings that differ within the socio-economic classes, this gives the nurse the readiness to deliver the holistic approach relevant to the individuals needs.As nurses by providing care to people, more often than not we do not share the same values and beliefs and may not agree with the life choices people have made but gaining an insight to their lifestyle will in go game enable us to provide the appropriate support, information and treatment. Nurses are make to promote good health behaviour but this does not everlastingly work towards smoking, many people will take the advice and may separate out to quit smoking (Appendices 1.3) but due to demands of life some have a tendency to start again but we must see to it as nurses, smoking is an addiction and is not easy to give up it, so we have to respect the individuals lifestyle choices without being judgemental.