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Friday, December 27, 2019

Video Games Another World or Reality - 1658 Words

Video Games: Another World or Reality? The origin of the harmfulness of video games originates with pong; the first video game invented. â€Å"How is pong harmful? It’s a ball with two vertical bars.† It had nothing to do with the content of the game, but the addictive nature of it. The Surgeon General at the time, C. Everett Koop, was the one who made the comment about the games addictiveness. He believed that, because of the addictive nature could turn players violent. According to a study performed by the Washington D.C. based Pew Internet and American Life Project, more than half of the all American adults play video games, with one in five playing every day (Marcovitz 13). There are some who think that video games promote real-life violence. Newport, Tennessee 2003, a 15-year old and 13-year old took their fathers .22 caliber rifles and opened fire on an interstate highway. Before this event, earlier that day they had been playing Grand Theft Auto III. It was the 1 3-year olds idea to steal the guns and go shoot at the real thing, instead of the virtual thing. When they were caught, they told the police that they didn’t intend on hurting anyone; they just wanted to do it like the game. Without knowing it, they had killed a 45-year old man and seriously injured women. Both of the boys were tried in juvenile court, they both pleaded guilty to reckless homicide and other charges. Tennessee law will release them when they turn 19 years of age. Now some may say â€Å"it’s the gamesShow MoreRelatedViolent Games And Violent Video Games1122 Words   |  5 PagesAs video game images become increasingly more realistic and graphic. Therefore, is there any link between the violence depicted in those games and violence in real life? Students are the main group people who played violent video games very often. Also, losing a game causes many people to have a negative impact. Last, the attitudes on violent game and antisocial. Games are every where around us, such as cellphones, televisions, or computers, but violent games are the most popular type of game. TheRead MoreNegatives of Television and Video Games728 Words   |  3 PagesWith television and video games entering a whole new level of popularity in the 2000s, serious and necessary questions need to be answered regarding the negative aspects of these new technologies. The technologies have perhaps caught people in such bewilderment and dazzle that the negatives have been given a blind-eye. The positives no doubt are countless, however whether they outweigh the negatives or not is another question. Nowadays, with TV programs becoming many and TV channels and digitalRead MoreViolent Video Games And Violence1203 Words   |  5 PagesAre violent video games directly correlated to teen violence? This is the burning question many researchers are dedicated to answering. The common form of the question is â€Å"Is the increase in violence in games creating killer kids?† The simple answer is no. Instead the opposite has occurred, as games became more violent, the players became calmer. The games create a â€Å"safe† outlet for any anger or angst that young people possess. Crime rates in the teen population have lowered and violent teens admitRead MoreMultimedia Violence : A Grave Threat Of Teens Of The New Generation. Craig A. Anderson1585 Words   |  7 PagesState University, commented on multimedia violence saying, â€Å"Exposing children and adolescents (or ‘youth’) to violent visual media increases the likelihood that they will engage in physical aggr ession against another person. By ‘physical aggression’ we mean behavior that is intended to harm another person physically, such as hitting with a fist or some object. A single brief exposure to violent media can increase aggression in the immediate situation. The repeated exposure leads to general increasesRead MoreEssay On Video Game Violence1377 Words   |  6 Pages Have you ever had the urge to harm or kill someone after playing a game of football? People of all ages love to play this sport whether it be for fun or bragging rights. We watch two people almost tear each other apart in boxing or Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). Chances are you probably just looked at these events and went on with your day afterwards. We have faced dangerous events such as wars, natural disasters, and terrorist attacks. What these events have in common is that they are actuallyRead MoreGaming Effect . Violence In Gaming Can Spark Interest In1544 Words   |  7 Pages minds toda y. Lately around the world, there has been an increase in violence, and one reason seems to be the result of playing video games. Many children, teenagers, and even grown adults are stuck indoors staring at a screen for hours; this lifestyle can become unhealthy. Video games embed violent inclinations and mental pictures into players heads, which takes a toll on their physical activity. Terrifying images can be depicted in mature content video games. Once the images enter the playersRead MoreA Video Game Addiction is Still an Addiction1582 Words   |  7 PagesA video game addiction is just like any other addiction. These addicts seek stimulus from their subjects and cannot refrain from it. It impedes on their daily lives, interrupts their way of logic, and has no real benefits. The major reason why addictions begin is because it helps them cope with their emotions. For them, it’s another world that is immersive and engaging to the point that they are entranced by it. Video games and the Internet provide a plethora of communities and people to meet. SinceRead MoreShould Violent Video Games Be Ban? Essay617 Words   |  3 PagesViolent video game had been a problem in the Unite States. Many people believe that violent video games should be banned, claiming they have negative effects on people.Violent video game is not like the real-world. Video games have become not only a form of entertainment, but also another way for people to escape reality and to enter their own virtual fantasy. James Gee explains that, if you blame violent video games for horrific events that have occurred is much like putting the blame on food forRead MoreEssay about Do Video Games really Cause Violence?1028 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"No one is suggesting that [violent video games are] the only reason they went out and committed those horrific acts, but was it a tipping point? Was it something that pushed them over the edge? Was it a factor in that? Perhaps. That’s a really big deal,† This is a really controversial subject amongst gamers and parents, on whether violent video games cause real-life violence. Lots of people think they do, while lots of people think they don’t. There is research that points both ways in the subjectRead MoreVideo Games Are More Than Half Of The 50 Top Selling Games1666 Words   |  7 Pages Daniel Molina Kathryn Harrington ENG. 122 December Research paper As many as 97% of US kids age 12-17 play video games, more than half of the 50 top-selling video games contain violence. On April 20, 1999 at Columbine High School in jefferson county colorado, two students and video game fanatics, Eric David Harris, age 18, and Dylan Bennet Klebold, age 17, executed a planned shooting rampage killing 12 other students and a teacher. Researcher and psychiatrist Jerald Block has concluded

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Cosmetic Enhancement Of The Body And Identity Essay

Cosmetic enhancement is the use of medical intervention to achieve a goal that is either socially created, or personally created (Adams, J., 2010). These body improvements are often done to improve one’s self-esteem, romantic life, or to fit within a social or cultural criteria (Adams, 2010). Cosmetic enhancement of the body and identity has always been a luxury in which only the rich and famous could afford, but within our forever developing consumerist society it is becoming more rapidly available to the general public. The consumerist society in which I speak of is the society which we live in today. This society has been the result of modern capitalism. Karl Marx explains that capitalism is the bourgeoisie versus the working class, where the bourgeoisie (which are the capitalists) exploit the working class (McLennan, G., McManus, R., Spoonley, P., 2010). Marx believed that the capitalists were to blame for the rapidly increasing materialistic society, which has created li ves to revolve around material things, and of course, money (McLennan, et al., 2010). This consumer society which is said to be by Marx born from capitalism is all about setting marks and deadlines, so that people will always feel the need to consume (Bauman, Z., 2001). Therefore with the development of consumerism people become more focused on their desires and wants, more than their actual needs. This is where the notion of body enhancements come in, as people became more self-absorbed which createsShow MoreRelatedThe Beauty Of Cosmetic Surgery899 Words   |  4 Pagesfocus on personalities to celebrity body-parts and their artificial enhancement. The interest of celebrity is gazing at their body-parts, and it links the relationship between celebrity culture and cosmetic surgery. While there is a desire on being alike to the celebrity can achieve beauty, the demand of cosmetic surgery has increased in the society. As not many people could meet the standard of beauty, cosmetic su rgery is the fastest way to obtain a perfect body and is generally accepted by the publicRead MoreThe Real Effects of Reality Television on Society1929 Words   |  8 Pagesanorexia has the highest death rate of any psychiatric disorder. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (see Sperry, 2009), the number of cosmetic procedures has increased to over 10 million in 2006, representing a 48% increase from 2000. This increase in cosmetic surgery performance is caused by the popularity of reality cosmetic surgery television programming. In fact, psychologists bring to public attention how easily reality television programs find a way to peoples mind (seeRead MoreThe Ethical Issues Of Human Enhancement2228 Words   |  9 PagesOne of the most prominent ethical issues faced today is that of human enhancement. The ethical issues that occur when looking at the concept of human enhancement are defined by the ideas of â€Å"human nature, personal identity, moral status, well -being, and problems in normative ethics, political philosophy, philosophy of mind, and epistemology† (Savulescu, 2) There are a plethora of ways in which human enhancement can become an issue in every profession such as sports, marketing, and any job that requiresRead MoreDangerous Effects Of Plastic Surgial Procedure846 Words   |  4 Pagesplastic surgial procedure People are more and more drawn into thinking that their identities and bodies are similarly plastic, flexible, liquid. Karen Donley-Hayes, who is contributor to Cosmetic Surgery Times, Dermatology Times, and the Journal of the American Medical Association, contends: An extreme makeover culture is emerging. As procedures and techniques improve and become more affordable, cosmetic surgery has turned from luxury to a prerequisite in a society that emphasizes appearanceRead MoreWhy Cosmetic Surgery Should Be Limited1299 Words   |  6 Pagesto be Beautiful Is life or image more valuable? In 2012, 14.6 million cosmetic plastic surgery procedures, including both minimally-invasive and surgical, were performed in the United States (14.6 Million Cosmetic Plastic Surgery Procedures Performed in 2012). There are people who lose their lives each and every day just because they are not happy with the way they look. Patients who desire a change in appearance go to a cosmetic surgeon where countless numbers of mishaps could happen and do happenRead MoreCosmetic Surgery : Life Or Image More Valuable?1393 Words   |  6 PagesIs life or image more valuable? In 2012, 14.6 million cosmetic plastic surgery procedures, including both minimally-invasive and surgical, were performed in the United States (14.6 Million Cosmetic Plastic Surgery Procedures Performed in 2012). There a people who lose their lives each and every day just because they are not happy with the way they look. Patients who desire a change in appearance go to a cosmetic surgeon wher e countless numbers of mishaps could happen and do happen. This is an unsettlingRead MoreMy Experience As A Professional Counsellor938 Words   |  4 PagesUp to Toxic Chemical and Cosmetic Enhancements. My experience as a professional Counsellor as well as a passionate Model, reveals the message of the concern, the need as well as the racing urge in all of us to secure our looks, and the magnitude of the attraction which also drives us become competitive among each other. In my opinion, the generation of these negative energy stems from the conceptual knowledge of the â€Å"SELF†. According to a theory known as social identity theory, self-concept isRead MoreCase Study on LOreal Essay1636 Words   |  7 Pages---------------------6 Executive Summary L’Oreal was the world largest French-based cosmetic company, achieved successfully in global marketing with businesses in East and Western Europe, North America, Latin America, Asia and some other countries. Later, they spotted on China as a potential cosmetics market due to its extremely high population and entered the Chinese market to compete with other cosmetic brands as a late entrant. This report attempts to discuss on L’Oreal’s expansion in ChinaRead MorePlastic Surgery: Good or Evil4320 Words   |  18 Pages Introduction God is beautiful and loves beauty. As humans, we are working on adopting this theory whereby plastic surgery is our leader. A large number of people undergo plastic surgery, adopt the latest medical techniques and make their body physically fit and beautiful. The practice of plastic surgeries is affecting our lives in many domains; in particular, psychosocially. For instance, the goal of this research project is to spot light on the pros and cons debate concerning plastic surgeriesRead MoreDangerous Effects Of Plastic Surgial Procedure1333 Words   |  6 Pagessurgial procedure People are more and more drawn into thinking that their identities and bodies are similarly plastic, flexible, liquid. Karen Donley-Hayes, who is contributor to Cosmetic Surgery Times, Dermatology Times, and the Journal of the American Medical Association, contends: An extreme makeover culture is emerging. As procedures and techniques improve and become more affordable, cosmetic surgery has turned from luxury to a prerequisite in a society that emphasizes appearance

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Dyson Human Resource Management free essay sample

Continuous professional development is taken rigorously. Workers will be learning all the time, and there are many whose only job is training and development of others in the company. The managers are happy to set budget aside to send people to international conferences, courses, and industrial events. From this have gathered that Tyson have a keen interest in improving the skills of their workers and focus on motivation roles when training and courses for employees to go on.This could suggest Tyson to have a soft HARM as it indicates that they believe that employees are he most important resource, which they have to be when it comes to research and development as the engineers and researchers of the business are the driving for behind Dagons new products, designs and innovative ideas. According to McGregor Y theory, the leaders show innovation and imagination and are not just motivated by money but other things such as success, this has aspects shown from Tyson such as that the lead ers have creative minds and thrive in innovation. We will write a custom essay sample on Dyson Human Resource Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also parts of Herrings theory can be seen such as the satisfiers being achievement e. . Creating a new product, growth and also recognition. However Herbert also states that motivation is affected by hygiene factors being working conditions and co-worker relationships. After looking at many company reviews from Tyson employees have noticed the following issues appearing most, a rigid working culture, bad/ineffective management, company expanding too rapidly causing chaos and poor performance reviews and bonuses.Many said that the managers do not communicate with workers enough and do not address the issues rising daily. This shows some aspects of hard human resource management such as poor appraisals and also possibly high staff turnover if employees are unhappy and do not feel they can work at Tyson any longer. Tyson faced was relocation of its production to Malaysia and Singapore in 2002 and thus laying off employees in United Kingdom.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

The Castrating Woman Motif in Chekhov’s “Darling” Essay Sample free essay sample

This paper will reason that the character Olga in Chekhov’s â€Å"Darling† embodies the emasculating mother/wife image and non the â€Å"submissive married woman stereotype† as Milla Bayuk argues in her 1977 article [ 1 ] . Bayuk’s misunderstanding is caused by the ambiguity between the degrees ofrepresentedandimpliedsignificance in Chekhov’s narrative. On the surface and as the narrative begins to blossom. Olga is presented as a sort. compassionate adult female and devout married woman. This image ever appears in the foreground of the narrative because she remains faithful to all the work forces whom she marries and exteriorizes the same bland female impotence throughout the narrative. On the other manus. the text is filled with allusions which characterize Olga in an indirect mode about a quite different side of the coin which displays a dark and inexorable side of the character. This other side reflects Olga’s monstrous. subconscious image as an castrating married woman and/as female parent. We will write a custom essay sample on The Castrating Woman Motif in Chekhov’s â€Å"Darling† Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In a society in which the power privileges were attributed merely to work forces. adult females felt powerless and unconsciously attempted to authorise themselves by placing and replacing the masculine other. This thought is the accelerator for the representation of the character of Olga in Chekhov’s narrative and the writer bit by bit unveils the mask of kindness and benevolence. disclosure in the terminal the dangers inherent in the disempowering of adult females. Chekhov accomplishes a elaborate and precise word picture of the emasculation composite in this narrative ( which is rather singular. sing that Freud’s Hagiographas on this affair appeared a few old ages after Chekhov’s decease ) which takes topographic point in four phases: compassion. designation with the male other. exposure and emasculation. Therefore. even the transitions which describe Olga as compassionate and sort are really nil more than phases or aspects of the emasculating adult female. â€Å"The Darling† begins with Olga as she sits moonily on the porch of her father’s house and converses with Kukin. a theatre director who invariably complains of the bad conditions which prevents clients from coming to his summer garden. Kukin’s rambunctious and self-pitying comments attract Olenka’s attending and she begins to experience regretful for him – â€Å"Olenka listened to Kukin mutely. soberly. and sometimes cryings would come to her eyes† [ 2 ] . Her commiseration for Kukin is the trigger for her falling in love with him and her determination to get married the adult male who was â€Å"fighting his destiny and assailing his head enemy. the apathetic public† [ 3 ] . Kukin therefore represents the perfect victim. the romanticized embodiment of a adult male who is rescued by a heaven-sent adult female. Olga instantly adapts to her new life. acquiring involved more and more in the theatre life until she receives the intellige nce of her husband’s decease. The disappearing of Kukin leads Olga into a province of loud despair as her mourning shortness of breath can be heard by her neighbors who feel commiseration for her. However. this province of personal businesss does non last long because one twenty-four hours. as she walks from the church. Olga is accompanied by Vasily Andreich Pustovalov. a lumberyard director who sagely advises her: â€Å"There is a order in all things. Olga Semyonovna† [ †¦ ] â€Å"and if one of our beloved 1s base on ballss on. so it means that this was the will of God. and in that instance we must maintain ourselves in manus and bear it submissively† [ 4 ] . The allusion is clear and Olga will shortly get married Pustovalov. Upon this new matrimony. Olga’s involvements change wholly ; she seems to hold wholly forgotten about the theater. merely to go engrossed in the household concern. She bit by bit appropriates all her husband’s thoughts and involvements. However. her new-found felicity is ephemeral because Postuvalov dies excessively after six old ages of ( evident ) cloud nine. When he dies. Olga’s concerns seem to be more directed to her ain individual than to the destiny of her hubby: â€Å" ‘To whom can I turn now my favorite? ’ She sobbed when she had buried her hubby. ‘How can I live without you. wretched and unhappy as I am? Pity me. good people. left entirely in the world’† [ 5 ] . The decease of the 2nd hubby marks a drastic alteration in Olga’s behavior: she becomes a hermit and leaves the family unattended to. However. in the somberness of her bereavement. a littl e glister of hope appears as rumors start distributing about a certain veterinarian who pays her regular visits. From the repeat of the old forms – she becomes happy once more. her vocabulary is infused with veterinarian nomenclature – the readers can deduce that Olga is once more â€Å"in love† . that she has one time once more found a adult male upon whom she can project her full devotedness. Volodichka. nevertheless. is more immune to her overmastering energy and avidity: â€Å"I’ve asked you before non to speak about things that you don’t understand! When veterinarians speak among themselves. delight don’t butt in! It’s truly raging! † [ 6 ] . Probably trying to get away Olga’s smothering presence. the veterinary leaves her. The disappearing of the 3rd adult male in her life leaves Olga wholly â€Å"empty† . devoid of any involvements. sentiments or thoughts as if her whole existence had been alternately replaced by the character of the three work forces in her life. When everything seems to be lost and Olga starts ageing. the veterinary all of a sudden appears at her door with the intelligence that he had returned for good but in the company of his married woman and kid. To this renewed outgrowth of alterity in her life. Olga responds with much avidity and joy. offering her house as a topographic point to populate for th e veterinary’s household. This is when her suppressed maternal feelings start to come up as she engages. organic structure and psyche. in the upbringing and instruction of the kid. Sasha. whom she considers abandoned and unsought by his parents. Once once more. as in Kukin’s instance she sees a â€Å"victim† whom she sees fit to deliverance. Her compulsive behaviour re-emerges as she internalizes the child’s involvements and preoccupations and the motive of taking over the other male’s life appears once more. Sasha feels embarrassed by her overpowering attendings and asks her to go forth him entirely. However. Olga does non look to mind and continues her maternal fondnesss. The narrative ends with Sasha’s words while he is kiping: â€Å"I’ll give it to you! Scram! No combat! † [ 7 ] which could mean that Olga’s influence is get downing to bear on the kid. who appears helpless and â€Å"girlish† in the school battle he is woolgathering approximatel y. Chekhov constructs the image of Olga as a emasculating mother/wife stereotype bit by bit. integrating several dimensions – some of them rather misdirecting – of this motive. First of all. Olga is presented as compassionate and lovingness. which might be construed as a mark of typically female failing: â€Å"Olenka listened to Kukin mutely. soberly. and sometimes cryings would come to her eyes. In the terminal his bad lucks moved her and she fell in love with him† [ 8 ] . However. early on. Chekhov embeds ironical allusions to her peculiar manner of loving which sums to her complete entry to the â€Å"other† in her life. be it her male parent. her aunt. her Gallic instructor. Significantly. her whole life is equates with a series of amative minutes and Olga merely can non populate without being in love. Her compassionate and sort nature is so portion of a fantasizing strategy by which she gives the object of her fondnesss the possibility to â€Å"enjoyâ₠¬  her attendings and love. This changes the angle of our perceptual experience of Olga’s generousness as her Acts of the Apostless of love besides appear as egotistic shows of her disempowered ego which she is trying to valorize through the figure of the other. That her fondnesss towards the male other are really marks of her love for herself becomes obviously after Kukin dies when the character is deploring her ain destiny: â€Å" ‘My cherished! ’ Olenka sobbed. ‘Vanichka. my cherished. my Sweet! Why did we of all time meet! Why did I acquire to cognize you and love you! To whom can your hapless unhappy Olenka now turn? ’† [ 9 ] . The same â€Å"compassion† resurges in Olga’s relationship with Sasha. when she takes it upon her to guarantee that the kid will non experience the absence of maternal love. However. her maternal love is compulsive. opprobrious and on the threshold of lunacy. as the episodes from the terminal of the narrative reveal: ‘Sashenka! ’ she calls after him. He turns about and she thrusts a day of the month or a caramel into his manus. When they turn into the school lane. he feels ashamed at being followed by a tall stout adult female ; he looks unit of ammunition and says: ‘you’d better travel place now auntie ; I can travel entirely now. ’ She stands still and stares after him until he disappears at the school entryway. How she loves him! Not one of her former fond regards was so deep ; neer had her psyche surrendered itself so unreservedly. so disinterestedly and with such joy as now when her maternal inherent aptitude was progressively asseverating itself. For this small male child who was non her ain. for the pregnant chads in his cheeks. for his really cap. she would hold laid down her life. would hold laid it down with joy. with cryings of tenderness. [ 10 ] The fact that Olga’s love seems to be whole merely with Sasha suggests the thought that the old work forces in her life had been simply foster objects of her maternal inherent aptitude and that her love for them had something of the possessiveness and castrating influence that female parents have on their boies. The following characteristic of Olga that Chehov insists upon is the character’s complete deficiency of personality. her entire designation with the male ego. In Freudian footings. a woman’s designation with a adult male signifies the disempowered woman’s unconscious effort at deriving control and power which were. at the clip. the sole privileges of the male. As Olga becomes alternately a theatre manager. so a lumberyard director. a specializer in veterinary scientific discipline and a alternate female parent. she is besides inadvertently sabotaging the men’s position every bit good as deprives them of the really items of masculine power. This consequence becomes obvious merely at the terminal of the narrative. From this position. the deceases and flight of the three work forces in Olga’s life can be interpreted as symbolic Acts of the Apostless of emasculation. Her surrounding female parent inherent aptitudes seem to run out the life off from the work forces who fall victims to the overmastering influence of Olga’s immense demand for protection and control whose insidiousness is all the more unsafe as it hidden behind her rose-colored cheeks and fresh visual aspect. As was stated antecedently. Olga provenders of the other to carry through her ain life and in the brief intervals when she is entirely she becomes despairing. dying and empty. This anxiety indicates the pathological nature of her love. The first mark that is given about her exposure when deprived of a masculine image with which to place. is given the minute Kukin leaves for Moscow: â€Å"She sat at the window and watched the stars. It occurred to her that she had something in common with the biddies: they excessively stayed wake up all dark and were disturbed when the prick was absent from the henhouse† [ 11 ] . Her complete decay and apathy. deficiency of involvement for the outer universe and the nothingness around rush with a retribution when she remains alone: â€Å"Above all. and worst of all. she no longer had sentiments whatever. She saw objects about her and understood what was traveling on. but she could non organize an sentiment about anything and did non cognize wh at to speak about† [ 12 ] . This signifies that. every bit much as an â€Å"aggressor† and emasculating theoretical account. Olga is besides a victim of the society in which she lives. a society which has imposed feelings of lower status and insufficiency on her in relation with the masculine other. Beginnings: Bayuk. Milla. â€Å"The Submissive Wife Stereotype in Chekhov’s Darling† .College Language Association Journal. vol. 20. pp. 533-38. 1977. Freedman. John. â€Å"Narrative Technique and the Art of Story-Telling in Anton Chekhov’s ‘Little Trilogy’† .South Atlantic Review. vol. 53. no. 1. Jan. 1988. pp. 1-18. Yarmolinsky. Avraham. erectile dysfunction.The Portable Chekhov. New York: The Viking Press. 1966. [ 1 ] Milla Bayuk. â€Å"The Submissive Wife Stereotype in Chekhov’s Darling† . College Language Association Journal. vol. 20. pp. 533-38. 1977. [ 2 ] Chekhov. p. 397 [ 3 ] Chekhov. p. 398 [ 4 ] Chekhov. p. 401 [ 5 ] Chekhov. p. 404 [ 6 ] Chekhov. p. 405 [ 7 ] Chekhov. p. 411 [ 8 ] Chekhov. p. 397 [ 9 ] Chekhov. p. 400 [ 10 ] Chekhov. p. 410 [ 11 ] Chekhov. p. 399. [ 12 ] Chekhov. p. 406