Urban deprivation is one of the characteristics of large cities in all parts of the world

The intragroup urban center landing fields of some(prenominal)(prenominal) Global cities convey an image of decay with poverty, pollution, crime, overcrowding, poor housing conditions and unemployment. Such hassles atomic number 18 much prevalent in knowledge open- city areas than in other areas of the city. Deprivation has been grammatical cased by grey-haired industries closing down and increasing the unemployment levels which are not tackled due to the aged workers not being skilled enough to work in these recentfound factories or line of jobs. This happens to a greater extent than in MEDCs compared to LEDCs where overpopulation and urbanization slang cause the problems in the inner city.Counterurbanization has been another problem within MEDCs as it has go away(p) field houses aband unrivaledd and the muckle would rather commute than live in the inner city. This has then led to out of town shopping joins being plant up. In MEDCs the inner city initiatives for reversing the decline of the inner city incured sustain in 1945 with broad redevelopment. This program involved large-scale clearance of old(a) terraces in order to provide space for refreshful housing and inner city environmental features. Over twenty years 1. 5 star million million million properties wee knocked down in the inner city.Elswick and Kenton in Newcastle were two areas embarked for comprehensive redevelopment. Existing residents were moved either into refreshful towns of Cramlington or to extensive council houses estates create in areas such as, Byker. Many local authorities followed identical planning and soon the landscape of the inner city was transformed with huge concrete and glass tower blocks separated by flat expanses of grass. At the season these lofty-rise flats were a wide success architecturally however the form _or_ system of judicature failed due to redevelopment underachieving end. This gave a housing shortage and vast spaces of der elict land.This policy that lasted till 1967 also failed to tackle the social and economic problems. 1968 proverb another scheme come into action the Urban Aid programme gave grants to local authorities to expand function in deprived areas and to settle community development projects using self help. This scheme was a great deal more localized and it was unfortunate that the economic downturn special(a) the funds and in that respectfore by 1977 the scheme had finished. The next year the unexampled towns policy was aband championd in an effort to stop decentralization of people and businesses.For the first time inner cities were officially declared problem areas. In 1988 Margaret Thatcher introduced the Action for cities policy. From 1991 onwards-Local authorities were able to bid for funds for specific urban projects. An example is Sunderland the money was used to redesign parts of the city center with a new shopping precinct. And bus station. A single government department, the end of the 1990s had created the Urban Regeneration Agency. In Greater Manchester 4. 5 hectares of the city were destroyed with 30,000 homes left damaged form the bombing of World fight II.By the end of the war 70,000 homes were deemed unfit for living mostly in the blue density Victorian inner center. The plan for Manchester was launched in 1945 with the take in of clearing all Victorian housing. Following the repair of the war the Manchester slum Clearance Programme restarted in 1954. Over five years 7500 properties were dismantled mostly in the Miles Platting area. In 1961 the policy of comprehensive development took specify with the clearance programme expanding in four main areas Hulme, Beswick, Longsight and Harpurhey.Over 55,00 new houses, a mixture of low and high rise were built to replaced the clear-cut terraces reducing the housing density and population by up to 50% in some areas. The Hulme area was a typical Victorian area of Manchester and was tightly packed with terraces. Conditions were overcrowded and polluted with few housing having toilets. After the demolition of the terraces, shopping facilities were introduced in tierce areas. By 1972 the redevelopment of Hulme was completed with 5,000 new houses being built.Problems did arise with new properties leaking and then the heating bills were too high for the residents and many found the accommodation inappropriate. This area fell into a scroll of decline with growing unemployment, drugs and violence along with eh deteriorating environment. The Hulme city challenge was launched in 1992. This plan involved building of 3000 new homes, shops, roads, offices and community facilities to replace existing properties in a 60-hectare area. The funds of i200 million came from the government, local authority and reclusive pay.Manchester faced other problems form the closure of the nineteenth century industries that left 24,000 jobs unavailable between 1974 and 1984. Plans included 2000 new houses and 375,000 square meters of industrial and mercantile floor space to provide 10,000 jobs. In 1988 central Manchester was given n UDC to regenerate 200 hectares of land and buildings in the southern part of the city center. This area included six conservation areas, over ninety listed buildings, three universities, the Granada Studios Tour and the Museum of Science and Industry. However these were the areas of contaminated land, derelict warehouses, mills and canals.The IDC stop in 1996 and in the eight years of operation invested i420 million. Urban neediness in the LEDCs have been tackled in many ways however there have been schemes that have proven to be a lot more successful than the others. In Chennai there has been a rapid increase in population due to the rural to urban migration and the high birth rates. about one third of the population lives in the slums, mostly shantytowns. The planning solutions began with the building of four to six storey blocks however these largely failed due to high maintenance and lack of uptake as the tenants would be unable to brook the rent.If the rent were reduced the scheme would lose money. After this initial calamity The Board took up a new idea of upgrading the slums. The aims set were providing one bath and one toilet per ten families one public fount per twenty families one street light per forty meters of road and one pre school per two hundred families. Other initiatives required self-help financing after an initial investment had been made either by the World commit or welfare organizations. These schemes encouraged greater community involvement. close to of the start up loans were gave to families to build their own homes. Site and service schemes were implemented with finance provided for the acquisition of land purchase of building materials, road building and the provision of basic services such as, water and sewage. New owners were then accountable for building the property on their allocated land. The upgrading after that often led to the change of homes to higher income groups. The generated some money for the poor families and allowed the Board to re-invest in new schemes.An area in the southern outskirts of Chennai was the location for a site and services scheme known as Velacheri. It provided fourteen hectares of land to house 2,640 families many of whom were being forced out of Chennai. Waiting for the new residents building their homes would have caused a delayed the rail building so contractors were used to sustain the building of properties. Along with the roads, water supply, streetlights and many other services. These services did face problems with many being left unfinished and extra floors being added without regulation.Some families sold their home for profit and the poorest were unable to afford these houses. These are some example of the initiatives being taken in order to solve the problem of urban deprivation. However there have been many other schem es and one of the most successful was that of the Favelas in Brazil redevelopment that won several(prenominal) prizes such as, the famous Habitat Award from the United Nations. These have been more successful as it didnt break up the families and kept the community tactile sensation and the families could continue to access their place of employment.The similarities between the initiatives of the MEDC and LEDC worlds that have been undertaken for there diminution of urban deprivation are not all that similar. This is due to the fact that the MEDCs have more finance so there are able to use other schemes to tackle their problems. Also the fact that the problems they face are of a different cause. In the LEDCs it tends to be shanty towns are whence have to look to house these people unlike the MEDC it not so overcrowding but unemployment due to the decline of the Industrial Revolution and recently Counterurbanization has left old Victorian buildings derelict and an eye-saw.